rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environmenthttps://sciendo.com/journal/ACEEhttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6780fa99082aa65dea3c7504/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/ACEE140216https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0011<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Buildings may become functionally obsolete before they reach the end of their service life due to changing social, economic, and technological contexts. A building may undergo one or more transformations during its service life since decreased utility, vacancy, or demolition are not economically, socially, culturally, or environmentally viable options. Buildings with adaptable capacities offer effective solutions for responding to change and creating a sustainable built environment. The present study sought to clarify concepts related to adaptable architecture and develop a criteria-based evaluation approach to assess adaptability parameters in existing buildings. A criteria set was developed based on the literature to define adaptability strategies and parameters and their interconnected spatial, functional, and structural relationships that facilitated change. The magnitude of potential change was weighted and converted to adaptability scores. The adaptability evaluation criteria set was used to assess the adaptability scores of several architectural examples and the findings indicated that the criteria set could be used as both a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation tool.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00112025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0016<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The article presents selected issues related to raising energy standards of historical buildings. Due to their unique character, i.e. historic facades and architectural and decorative elements, the use of typical wall insulation methods, e.g. the ETICS system (External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems), is not possible. One solution is to insulate the external envelopes from the inside. Such an internal application method of insulation in the wall system has a significant impact on the profile of the occurring hygrothermal processes and it can trigger many unfavorable phenomena across the surface of the envelope. The design process and the selection of the type and thickness of insulation are carried out in accordance with commonly used criteria and principles – analogous to those used for newly designed buildings such as meeting minimum thermal insulation defined by the coefficient U and eliminating the risk of surface or interstitial condensation.</p> <p>In thermal insulation systems from the inside, due to the specificity of the solution (lack of the continuity of thermal insulation), special attention should be paid to the places of connections and nodes in the insulated wall systems. Due to the lack of clearly defined criteria for designing such areas and insufficiently identified nature of hygrothermal processes occurring there, the following objectives were set in the work: <list list-type="bullet"> <list-item><p>identification and assessment of thermal insulation solutions within the selected 2D and 3D connections in thermal insulation systems from the inside in terms of avoiding adverse hygrothermal phenomena,</p></list-item> <list-item><p>indication of problems and threats that go along with such types of thermal modernization works.</p></list-item> </list></p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00162025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0013<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The stress in the healthcare environment is a heavy burden on the hospital staff, the caregivers, and the patients. One of the methods to alleviate stress in the hospital environment is a therapeutic garden. This paper presents the proposals for therapeutic gardens for an oncology hospital in Bydgoszcz prepared by the students of Architecture at the University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz in the spring of 2020 and 2021. The Design Studio was organized remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic (Emergency Remote Teaching), which might have influenced the design proposals. Each of the students worked individually from home. The final projects were presented online, and the internauts (students, staff, patients, inhabitants, whoever was concerned) voted for the best solutions. The results of the architectural competition may serve as a ground for discussion about Emergency Remote Teaching and the possible evolution of therapeutic gardens after COVID-19.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00132025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Terrorist attacks are increasing worldwide with the impact of developing technologies and war tactics. One of the most common types of structures where these attacks are carried out is airport structures due to their international visibility and intense human circulation. Necessary precautions should be taken against possible terrorist attacks both in the planning and utilization process of airports. In this study, planning and architectural design criteria that can be taken against terrorist attacks are determined by utilizing literature data. Within the scope of these criteria, five airports were analyzed: Istanbul New Airport (IGA), Ankara Esenboğa Airport, İstanbul Sabiha Gökçen Airport, Antalya Airport, and Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport. In the selection of the buildings, the buildings with the largest passenger capacity in our country were preferred. As a result of the evaluations, the strengths, and weaknesses of the structures against terrorist attacks are presented in a table. According to the findings of the study, most of the airports are located in dense urban areas as a result of inaccurate predictions of urban growth and development. This makes these structures vulnerable to terrorist attacks. It was also found that perimeter walls do not provide sufficient visual and physical barriers at airports. Instead of concrete shear walls, most of the structures are secured with wire fences between concrete pillars. In conclusion, the planning and design of airports against possible explosions and terrorist attacks should be considered as a whole with its surroundings. Buildings should be evaluated as a whole with their land, and planning should be realized by taking into account the direction of urban growth and development.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00122025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0014<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present study utilizes advanced numerical evaluation techniques like Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems with Genetic Algorithms (ANFIS-GA), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to develop and compare the predictive models for determination of compressive and tensile strength. Partial mutual information for selection and establishment of the degree of association of variables was used to aid in better attainment of results obtained through predictive models. It was observed that amongst the modeling techniques, the results obtained for compressive strength through the SVM technique were excellent, producing an Index of Agreement of 0.96, Akaike Information Criterion of 68.33, skill score of 0.96, and symmetric uncertainty of 0.93, thus indicating a simpler, robust, and low uncertainty predictive model. Furthermore, the adapted technique MLR was found to predict tensile strength characteristics better, with the MLR model demonstrating a higher R² value of 0.81, thus implying a reliable tensile strength prediction model. However, SVM consistently performed well for both compressive and tensile strength characteristics thus endorsing the reliability of the predictive model. Overall, the study aids in getting new insights about improvising the strength properties of SCC and its evaluation through predictive techniques.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00142025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0015<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The mathematical model, which could be represented as a fuzzy inference tree for project man-agement aimed at waste usage in wall manufacturing, is proposed in the article. The factors classification that affect production's environmental and economic efficiency is presented. The proposed ecological and economic efficiency criterion and influence factors are linguistic variables consisting of fuzzy terms on the corresponding universal sets. The proposed hierarchical system of mathematical models allows the intelligent choice of proper building material, depending on the influence of environmental parameters, socio-economic parameters, and engineering and technological parameters of a building object, based on fuzzy logical expressions “IF-THEN”. The proposed model could be used as a support system model in the decision-making process at the early feasibility stage. Estimating pros and cons based on the results of a virtual experiment in terms of proposed criterion value for specific construction waste allows proper planning of construction waste usage in the construction sector. The proposed model can be used as a design and engineering tool in the decision-making process for forecasting the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of waste in the manufacture of walls.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00152025-01-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0018<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Corten steel, or the corrosion of steel, is a result of exposure to the atmosphere. Corten steel is a recyclable, energy efficient, durable, and aesthetic material in terms of sustainability. This study aims to challenge the negative perceptions of Corten steel in society, stemming from its color and texture characteristics; and emphasize its importance in terms of sustainability and to prevent the prejudice of society. The purpose of the study is to determine the perceptions and satisfaction levels of Şimal AVM users towards Corten steel used as façade material. It is expected that the work will have an awareness-raising effect on the Corten steel material, which can create a perception of “deterioration” and “rusty”. The sample of the study consists of 221 users who have experienced Şimal AVM at least once. Additionally, a meeting was held with the architects of the building on the subject. As a result, Corten steel has a negative perception among users, primarily comprising negative (rusty, dirty, unhealthy etc) perceptions in physical, environmental, and emotional terms. However, after the study, it was determined that there were users whose perspective on the material changed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00182025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0021<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The research involves analysing strategic models of urban spatial transformation processes in cities using temporary use as a significantly supportive tool or as the core of the transformations. The scope of the research includes identifying effective transformation models through the verification of cases based on established criteria and conducting detailed studies of selected cases to highlight the process elements, analyse their relationships, and assess the role of temporary use. The research method relies on critically comparing and analysing chosen cases. As a result, we have identified fundamental criteria that indicate the application of temporary use as part of a broader transformation process, along with supplementary indicators and characteristics that impact the effectiveness of the conducted transformations. These indicators can help model transformation processes based on temporary use. The research holds particular significance in utilizing temporary use within a broader, integrated urban transformation process that goes beyond a one-time intervention.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00212025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0022<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>BIM Technology allows for multidirectional analyses using the information models of building facilities. One of the areas where it is used is cost calculations, which fall under the so-called BIM 5D. This article explores the Macro BIM concept, which varies in interpretation according to literature, and its practical application. It discusses using Macro BIM model data alongside market construction data to simulate estimating building construction costs. The aim of the article is to simulate the process of calculating the estimated costs of building construction, according to the proposed course of finding the most similar objects already built to the one that is planned and calculating the unknown sought on the basis of known “reference” data. Creating a database linking market costs with building characteristics would facilitate a classification system for such surveyed buildings. Finding the most similar “reference objects” to the studied “sample” object would allow for quick, preliminary cost calculations based on the cost per unit of volume or area of the designed building. The results obtained in this preliminary study are satisfactory and have provided insight into future directions that require more detailed examination.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00222025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0024<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The purpose of this work is to assess the risks to the health of the population living in the zone of influence of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from the operating enterprise for the production of carbon electrodes and to generalize the experience of applying the procedure for assessing risks and damage to the health of the population in the system of new monitoring and management mechanisms air quality. The risk assessment of the impact of planned activities on the health of the population from atmospheric air pollution was carried out based on the risk calculations of the devel-opment of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. During the assessment of the risk to public health from the emissions of the enterprise for the production of carbon electrodes, carbon monoxide was identified as one of the priority pollutants, to reduce the emissions of which it is proposed to use catalytic methods in the furnaces for firing and graphitizing carbon electrodes. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to introduce technologies that will allow to achieve the maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere during heat treatment.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00242025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0020<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>As a relatively young field of medicine, oncology is an important element in society, as cancer is one of the major diseases of civilisation in recent decades. As recently as the 20^th century, the types of oncology centres were mainly limited to university clinics and bed wards, and the most common method of cancer treatment was invasive surgery. The development of cancer treatment methods that occurred at the turn of the 20^th century influenced the architectural and functional design of cancer centres. Innovative treatment methods required new spaces, and thus cancer centres evolved into new types. An analysis was carried out in terms of what types cancer centres in Europe currently take. For further research, 12 facilities considered as reference were selected to represent different types of cancer facilities established in the 21^sh century. The aim of the research was to classify contemporary types of cancer centres in the context of the development of treatment methods and to characterise them generally in an architectural context. As a result of the research, five main forms in which cancer centres occur were identified. The general characteristics of these facilities and the differences between them depending on the profile of services provided were presented. The zones present in the centres in question that define their functional layout and shape were also specified.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00202025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0017<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Brutalism, a revision of Modernism, originated in England in the 1950s and spread rapidly globally. This intercontinental expansion has led to distinctive local diversity in different geographies, from Europe to the America. Concurrent with global examples, brutalist buildings began to appear in Turkey in the early 1960s. Notably, in Istanbul, Brutalism has managed to localize and create unique examples. This study investigates the transition of Brutalism between geographies and its localization in Turkish Architecture. This study analyzes brutalist and brutalist-influenced structures in Istanbul. According to the results of this analysis, the unique examples of Manifaturacılar Retail Center, Istanbul Reklam Building, and Istanbul Officers’ Club are examined based on Reyner Banham principles to shed light on this localization in architecture. This study aims to provide an intercontinental case study of the integration of the expansion of global currents with cultural diversity. In this context, this study examines how Brutalism has been localized in Turkey and aims to expose unique examples that have yet to appear in the relevant literature.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00172025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0023<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Frost heave in soils is a significant problem of geotechnical engineering. Despite the introduction of numerous simplified frost susceptibility criteria, there is still no clear relationship between the particle size distribution and their frost heaving susceptibility. Therefore, an experimental attempt was made to link the graining features of the four soils with the mechanisms of the formation of frost heave. The main aim of the study is to determine the influence of the content of silt and clay fractions on the height of the frost heave. The tested soils were characterized by a varied content of the silt fraction, which, together with smaller ones, amounted to 30%, 40%, 50% and 70%, and a variable content of the clay fraction amounting to 0%, 0%, 21% and 5% in individual soils, respectively. For the purposes of the experiment, a test stand was constructed that allows for testing 6 identical samples at a time. The tests were carried out in an open-system test, i.e. with the possibility of water flowing into the freezing zone. The total freezing process was carried out at -10°C and lasted 160 hours. On the basis of the obtained results of the increase in the height of the samples, it was shown that the silt with the highest total content of silt and clay fractions of 70% shows the highest frost heave and the smallest increase in the height of the samples in the freezing process is shown by sandy silt with the lowest sum of both these fractions. On the basis of the analysis of the results of the tested soils, it was found that the height of the frost heave was influenced by the presence of the clay fraction, but in connection with the presence of the silt fraction. In the frost heave soils, the content of the silt fraction influences the amount of the frost heave to the extent of more than two times smaller than the content of the clay fraction.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00232025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0019<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The global construction industry, notorious for resource consumption and waste production, has found an interest in the circular economy and sustainable development practices. This paper examines the reusability of ceramic building materials within architectural designs, emphasizing the principles of the circular economy and the 3R concept with a special focus on reuse. By performing a comparative analysis of 26 buildings the research explores the strategies for reusing ceramic materials. It categorizes reuse into two approaches: re-creation and transformation, while also considering the prevention of materials from becoming waste. The analysis scrutinizes the origin and function of materials, their placement in new designs, and the reasons behind their reuse. The study delineates recurring design patterns of using reclaimed building materials. It also categorizes three main approaches to incorporating reused elements into new structures.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00192025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0008<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The paper presents the results of research on the application of ion-exchange processes for the extraction of iron (II) and copper (II) ions from liquid acid wastes of electroplating production. In the course of experimental studies, it was shown that with an increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid, the total exchangeable dynamic capacity (TEDC) of the cationite significantly decreases both during the sorption of iron ions and during the sorption of copper ions. At the same time, an increase in the iron (II) ions concentration leads to a significant increase in TEDC – even with a sulfuric acid concentration of 8–13 g/dm³, TEDC reached the level of 1.35 g-eq/dm³, which corresponds to the sorption level of neutral dilute solutions. However, it can be seen from the total concentration that the efficiency of sorption of metals from acidic solutions remains quite high and increases with the increase of the initial total content of sorbed ions. The main indicator used when choosing an ion exchange method is the possibility of effective regeneration of the cation exchange material. When using a 5% solution of sulfuric acid already at the specific consumption of the regeneration solution, it was possible to achieve a degree of regeneration at the level of 95–98%, and when using a 10% solution, the degree of regeneration reached 100%. According to the research results, a technological scheme for processing regeneration solutions by precipitation of metals from regeneration solutions into magnetites in a ferritizer reactor was proposed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00082025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0007<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The task of analysing shocks in areas of paraseismic mining activities is one of the important engineering tasks. Acceleration measurements should be integrated to receive velocity and displacement functions. Sometimes, numerical algorithms produce wrong results. This paper proposes a semi-analytical approach to this problem. The algorithm has been implemented within the Mathematica system. Moreover, this method has been applied to integration of the equation of motion.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00072025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0009<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The circular economy (CE) aims to keep the maximum value of products and materials in a closed loop for longer periods, thus decoupling the use of natural resources from economic growth. Reverse logistics in the management of municipal biowaste falls within the scope of CE activities. This study compares the mass of bio-waste collected separately to the mass forecast at various administrative levels in Poland: country, voivodeship, cities with over 50 thousand inhabitants, and cities under 50 thousand inhabitants. Discrepancies were found between the collected mass of bio-waste and its predicted mass, which may be due to several reasons. Firstly, rural residents often use bio-waste for their own household needs. Additionally, in rural areas, due to the dispersion of buildings, the cost of obtaining the same amount of bio-waste is much higher compared to more urbanized areas. Processing bio-waste into organic fertilizer is a process that meets the assumptions of a circular economy and creates an environmentally friendly product. Unfortunately, in the case of Poland, there is no data on collected bio-waste earlier than 2019. There is also no information on the mass of biologically managed bio-waste at all administrative levels. Therefore, reporting on the management of municipal bio-waste at all administrative levels should be improved. The work also discusses the issue of collection and management of bio-waste, taking into account logistics processes.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00092025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0010<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>A study was conducted on the use of excess activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant as an adsorbent in the removal of Acid Red 18. The excess sludge was thermally modified using microwave radiation. The study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using this type of waste adsorbent in the batch adsorption process to remove a selected synthetic dye. Moreover, the experiments were aimed at analyzing the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of the batch adsorption process. Experimental results showed that in the case of adsorption kinetics, a greater match with experimental results was obtained for the pseudo-second-order model. This indicates that the adsorption process was chemical in nature. In the case of adsorption isotherm analysis, it showed that the best fit to experimental results was obtained for the Langmuir, Sips, and Toth isotherm models. Thus, this indicates the occurrence of a single-layer adsorption process. The determined values of adsorption capacity based on the Langmuir, Sips, and Toth models are in the range of 71.6 mg/g–79.0 mg/g.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00102025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0004<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper presents a case study of the impact of continuous deformations and rock mass tremors on a single-family building, typical of Upper Silesia. In the areas subjected to the influence of ground deformation, a point method for assessing the resistance of buildings to these influences has been developed by the Central Mining Institute. As part of this method, the geometric parameters, structure, materials and technical condition of the facility, as well as the ground on which the building is located, are taken into account. A case study considers a building being simultaneously subjected to continuous deformations and mining tremors. The object’s resistance is assessed according to the point method and its technical condition is assessed after revealing the influence of ground deformation. This is used to assess the validity of the point method for the building. On the basis of the analyses of the state of deformation and the impact of tremors, conclusions are drawn regarding the need to make changes to the scale used to assess the category of resistance of buildings to the effects of continuous deformation.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00042025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) polymer resins are commonly used in the manufacture of artisanal paints with natural inputs, giving them the classification of economic latex paint according to NBR 11702. Aiming to minimize the final cost, since PVA is the most expensive component, this study contributes to the area of building paints through the innovative idea of formulating paints with PVA resin, curcumin pigment extracted from the root of <italic>Curcuma Longa L</italic>., color preservative additives and bacterides, in order to find the appropriate proportions capable of reaching the minimum limit of resistance to abrasion, so that the paint is considered to have good performance according to technical standards. Furthermore, the present study analyzed the variation in the characteristics of the paints based on the variation in the amount of PVA in the mixtures. The results indicate that the addition of PVA at extreme levels reduces the abrasion resistance and viscosity of the mixtures. Statistical analysis obtained satisfactory results when PVA made up 33% of the emulsion. With the positive results, the present intention is to begin research in the area of building paints made with curcumin pigment and PVA as a binder.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acee-2024-00032025-01-09T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1