rss_2.0Connections FeedSciendo RSS Feed for Connectionshttps://sciendo.com/journal/CONNECTIONShttps://www.sciendo.comConnections Feedhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471589b2b88470fbea16d21/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/CONNECTIONS140216Connecting the Dots: Linking Centrality Measures to Peer Perceptions in Elementary School Friendship Networkshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.058<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study integrates social network analysis (SNA) and peer nomination methods to examine the relationship between social network centrality and peer-nominated social functioning (e.g., “who do you like to play with the most”) in elementary school classrooms. Participants included 473 students (226 boys, 247 girls) from 26 classrooms in Grades 4 and 5. Four centrality measures (degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector) were calculated from friendship nominations and compared with peer nominations for various social reputation indicators. Network analyses revealed consistent positive associations between centrality measures and “Like to Play with Most” nominations, with degree centrality showing the strongest connection. “Like to Play with Least” nominations displayed negative associations, particularly with betweenness and eigenvector centrality. “Leader” and “Admire” emerged as highly influential across networks, suggesting their importance in shaping classroom social dynamics. Shortest path analyses identified direct connections between centrality measures and who children “Like to Play with Most”, while other social reputation variables were often connected through intermediary steps. This study highlights the complex interplay between structural positions in social networks and peer perceptions of social functioning. These findings contribute to a more integrated understanding of children’s social experiences and development. By bridging SNA and child development research, this study provides insights for developing targeted interventions to support children’s social competence and peer relationships. Future research should explore longitudinal dynamics of social networks and reputations, consider additional data sources, and examine cross-cultural applicability. This study opens new avenues for research and practice aimed at fostering positive social and emotional development in elementary school settings.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0582025-03-08T00:00:00.000+00:00Do Birds of a Feather Always Flock Together? Deep-Level Diversity as an Organizing Social Principle for Task-Relevant Relationshipshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.048<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Homophily—or, the preference for similar others—has been well documented through empirical evidence. However, upon further investigation, certain applications of homophily in the workplace may give some pause for thought. For instance, more research is needed to examine the boundary conditions of homophily within work teams, such as individual characteristics and contextual factors. Accordingly, the current study reexamined the finding that homophily predicts human relationships, by looking at the relation between deep-level diversity and (a) social relationships, (b) task-relevant relationships, and (c) team performance. Results from a laboratory study with 139 teams (417 participants) indicated that (1) deep-level diversity drives positive, task-relevant relationships, (2) deep-level similarity drives negative, task-relevant relationships, and (3) deep-level diversity marginally predicts team task performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0482024-02-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Studying school communities as multiplex dynamic networks: The “RECENS Wired into Each Other” Dataset, 2010–2013https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.045<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This article provides an overview of the “Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (RECENS) Wired into each other” longitudinal social network study conducted in 44 secondary-school classrooms in Hungary between 2010 and 2013. Participants were asked to fill out paper-based surveys four times over a 3-year period (<italic>n</italic> = 1,767 students). These surveys explored peer relations and perceptions within each classroom in over 30 distinct network dimensions, including shared social activities, ties of affection, bullying and victimization, perceptions about peers’ traits (including their ethnicity), behaviors, social roles, and status. Alongside the network data, we collected information about students’ individual background (e.g., sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status) and behaviors (e.g., smoking, studying habits). We further interviewed the main teacher of each classroom to gather data about teaching arrangements and teacher perceptions of students. The current article aims to provide context for the dataset and documentation available online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.045_ref_033">Vörös et al., 2022</xref>). The dataset has been used in several published research articles, and PhD and MA theses in recent years. However, we believe that its publication is still highly relevant, as various measures in the rich dataset remain unexplored to date. After describing the study and available data, we review the main topics the study team and our colleagues have explored in recent years. We then outline a few promising directions for further inquiry into the data, which could all leverage the unique multiplex information gathered in the surveyed communities.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0452024-10-21T00:00:00.000+00:00Ethical Issues in HIV-related Social Network Research Involving Substance-Using Sexual Minorities at Risk for HIVhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.042<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title><p>Some social network research (SNR) relies on individuals reporting information about network members, with network members not providing consent. We assess how substance-using sexual minorities at risk for HIV perceive the benefits and risks of SNR and the preferred processes for obtaining informed consent.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title><p>We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with adults who identified as people of color, were cisgender male and had sex with cisgender men, and reported using substances (&lt;12 months) in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were asked about perceived risks and benefits of SNR related to HIV, with differing levels of network information being collected. Participants compared the risks of SNR to risks in daily life and were asked about their preferred consent format. Interviews were recorded via zoom, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title><p>Participants were Latinx (84%), Black (10%), and 1 Filipino (5%), the median age was 31 years, and 25% of them reported previous research experience. Most viewed SNR favorably and less risky than daily life. Participants preferred study designs where network members are also recruited, as their consent was viewed as “community consent.” Participants also felt that community benefits of HIV-related SNR research outweigh the risks. Opinions were mixed about providing identifying information in the context of reporting substance use. A combination of a video using “lay-language” visuals and a written consent format was preferred.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title><p>Perceived benefits of SNR to HIV prevention and care outweighed the risks, with concerns about providing last names. Researchers should assess whether the collection of last names is warranted.</p></sec> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0422024-08-28T00:00:00.000+00:00Contagion and Interpersonal Influence: Distinguishing Mechanisms of Behavior Change Using Social Network Theoryhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.041<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper articulates the many ways social network researchers conceptualize and operationalize network influences on people's behaviors. Four categories of network influences are described: (1) personal network, (2) positional, (3) network-level, and (4) individual network-level interactions. Personal network effects are based on data from the individual's direct and indirect contacts. Positional effects are derived from the individual's position in the network such as being central or peripheral. Network-level effects are measured using network-level indicators such as centralization or clustering. Interaction effects occur when there is consideration of both the individual and network level measures such as understanding the influence of being in a central position in a centralized or decentralized network. These various network effects are contrasted with contagion, which is the most frequently used mechanism for diffusion. One conclusion drawn from this review is that when we invoke contagion explanations, we give agency to the product, whereas when we invoke interpersonal influence explanations, we give agency to people and social systems.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0412024-08-21T00:00:00.000+00:00The Role of Classroom Seating Arrangements in Friendship Formation and Persistencehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.043<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This research study aims to analyze the differences existing between teacher-assigned seating and free seating in classrooms in terms of their impact on students’ friendship formation across a semester. The goal is to bridge the literature on seating arrangements, spatial propinquity, and friendship networks for teenagers. Through a social network analysis of friendships in a classroom at the beginning and end of a semester in addition to the seating maps at play, it is possible to test how different seating influences adolescent social structure. This innovative way of tackling spatial propinquity in schools not only has the potential to improve our understanding of high school friendship structures and how they relate to classrooms but also to increase our knowledge of the effects of seating assignments in high schools, a practice that is widespread in the United States. This study analyzes 410 student respondents in 24 American high school classrooms longitudinally across a semester. The results were unexpected: when students choose their seats, the formation of friendships tends to be more influenced by seating proximity, and these friendships tend to be less racially homophilous than when teachers choose seats.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0432024-08-16T00:00:00.000+00:00Social networks of American Indian youth on a Northern Plains reservationhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.046<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Social relations and multigenerational networks remain a salient fixture of American Indian (AI) culture and survivance. Network data can describe the dynamic nature of social networks and the powerful role these relationships play in the development of behaviors in adolescence. Research in other populations has demonstrated how networks impact risk and resilience, but data on these factors are lacking among AI adolescents. There are reasons to expect that network structures may differ and that prevailing social network theories may not apply among this population. This paper describes ego and grade level networks of 9th and 10th grade AI youth (N = 263) in three diverse schools on a Northern Plains reservation. Aligned with prior research, we find that gender homophily plays a role in friendship formation. Unlike in other settings, race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of friendship ties; this finding is not surprising given that 94% of the sample identified as being from this Northern Plains tribe. The descriptive findings also suggest that AI youth have a significant portion of family ties, even among their school-based networks. This may be a distinct feature of AI networks. Variation in networks across schools suggests unique community contexts that may make a universal approach to prevention development and implementation less effective. Within this tribal community, we find significant differences in the types, sizes, and potential mechanisms of tie formation. This underscores the importance of identifying network variations to implement targeted preventive interventions for feasibility, efficacy, and sustainability.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0462024-07-22T00:00:00.000+00:00Making Personal Networks with a Computer: Lessons from the Field using Vennmakerhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.036<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Vennmaker software was created as a tool for actor-centered and interactive networks. It has many options that users can implement at different stages of their studies. Documentation is available showing how to use it technically and the steps to follow for its correct use. However, less has been documented about the experience of using it in fieldwork to establish personal networks, a gap which this article aims to fill. This article combines the experiences of doing fieldwork using Vennmaker in two very different contexts and research designs. It concentrates on its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its usefulness in learning, while also sharing some useful information for those who are planning to use it in future research.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0362024-07-20T00:00:00.000+00:00Personal Network Composition and Cognitive Reflection Predict Susceptibility to Different Types of Misinformationhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.044<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Despite a rapid increase in research on the underpinnings of misinformation susceptibility, scholars still disagree about the relative impacts of social context and individual cognitive factors. We argue that cognitive reflection and identity-based network homogeneity may have unique influences on different types of misinformation. Specifically, identity-based network homogeneity predicts bias that is related to any type of identity-based information (i.e., political rumors), and cognitive reflection is more tailored toward truth discernment (i.e., fake news headlines). We conducted our study using an online sample (N = 214) split evenly between Democrats and Republicans and collected data on personal network composition, cognitive reflection, as well as susceptibility, sentiments, and sharing behavior in relation to political rumors and misinformation, respectively. Results demonstrate that where network homogeneity predicts belief and sharing in both political rumors and fake news headlines, cognitive reflection only predicts belief and sharing of fake news headlines. Social vs. cognitive factors for predicting different types of misinformation are discussed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0442024-06-28T00:00:00.000+00:00Fractals Beyond Hierarchy—Analyzing the Temporal Patterns of Contact Networks in a French Public Sector Organizationhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.035<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Fractals describe structural details at arbitrarily small scales, but are mathematically not necessarily complex, presenting a pragmatic way of describing nature. They are also common in social settings, including the organizational space. However, attention has been devoted to temporal fractal patterns in heterarchical or networked organizations. This article leverages data on face-to-face interactions collected by the SocioPatterns collaboration in a public sector organization to investigate temporal fractal patterns in interaction networks and three types of processes have been identified in this. White noise exhibits no correlation in time with rapid, chaotic changes. Brown noise entails a diffusion process with stable, structural patterns, but no quick adaptation. Pink noise exhibits an equilibrium between the two, producing dynamics that maintain stable patterns of interactions, remaining flexible to regulate interaction. The interaction network is described with metrics of social network analysis, and analyzed with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to detect temporal fractal patterns within the three largest departments as well as the whole organization. Results indicate high levels of pink noise with traces of white noise in the departments as well as pink noise with traces of brown noise on the organizational level. While previous research found pink noise processes in self-organizing networks, this article extends them to structured intraorganizational networks. The low levels of brown noise question the influence of rigid organizational structures and processes on the temporal structure of interaction. Hence, the fractal temporal structure of the interactions themselves is a factor that contributes to the stability of interactions between individuals over time.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0352024-05-29T00:00:00.000+00:00The Impact of Brokerage in a Communication Network on Productivity: Evidence from Sensor Datahttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.030<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Problem-solving effectiveness is key to organizational performance. To solve problems, gathering information from colleagues is critical, and positioning brokerage in communication networks is beneficial. The communication network for problem-solving is formed depending on the nature of the problem. Thus, the problem-solving network is the relational event network, and the connection of the problem-solving network dynamically changes over time depending on the problem basis. This study investigates the dynamics of brokerage in a problem-solving network and its impact on productivity in a company that provides technical support and troubleshooting for the IT system that its corporate customers use. By exploiting high-frequency data on face-to-face communication among employees collected by wearable sensors, we established the following results. First, the communication partners of each employee change weekly, which is a reasonable time to solve problems in the company. Second, with the change in the communication network, employees who position brokerage also change on a weekly basis. Third, while brokerage in a week has a positive impact on employee performance during the week, it has no impact on employee performance in the following week.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0302024-05-29T00:00:00.000+00:00Exploring Echo Chambers in Twitter during Two Spanish Regional Elections: An Analysis of Community Interactionshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.033<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The integration of digital technology in modern society has led to an increased importance of the analysis of the digital environment in political elections. The concept of echo chambers and their influence on social networks has received significant attention in recent academic investigations. Echo chambers are commonly referred to as the digital bubble where users participate in a conversation mostly with like-minded others, and it is usually related not only to homophily but can also be directly associated with the effects of social media algorithms. This study examines the Twitter interactions during two Spanish regional elections. Data collection has been performed through Twitter Streaming API, which resulted in a total dataset of 5.5 million tweets. The study analyzes how the political communities interact inside and between them. Also, we replicate this analysis by grouping the political communities by two main affinity blocks (left-right) to evaluate if the effects of homophily are even higher under this hypothesis. Finally, the text of the tweets was analyzed to reinforce the community-interaction analysis and to conduct a sentiment analysis of the interactions. The research results indicate that within each political party community, interactions predominantly occur among individuals who hold similar political views, leading to the creation of echo chambers. These echo chambers become even more powerful when parties are unified into political affinity blocks, with over 97% of interactions occurring within each left-right block. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing academic debate by providing relevant data and reinforcing aspects studied by previous researchers.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0332024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Special Theme: Homophily in Social Networkshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.039<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Over the last thirty years, in parallel with the global uptake of the world wide web, social network analysis (SNA) has become a significant analytical approach within several disciplines and it currently holds a prominent position in academic discussions across a diverse range of topics. This special theme of <italic>Connections</italic>, the journal of the <italic>International Network for Social Network Analysis</italic>, adds to the rapidly growing body of network research with a focus on exploring the principle of homophily in social networks. It presents 5 studies from a selected number of participants to the symposium “Similarity, Selection and Influence: A Cross-Disciplinary Symposium on Homophily in Social Networks” (7–8 July, 2022, Groningen, the Netherlands). Taken together, the special theme provides an interdisciplinary understanding of homophily in social networks and outlines avenues for future research to keep investigating the subject.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0392024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Networks of Influence in Scottish Enlightenment Publishinghttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.034<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The development of the “public sphere” and the Enlightenment are closely related to the networks of publishers involved in print culture. In Britain, a key question is whether diversity (in terms of nationality) in publishing increased over time. In this paper, we use large-scale library catalog data and a class of models known as Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) to investigate the extent to which an 18th-century network of publishers in London was homophilous with respect to nationality, and specifically investigate whether those with close publishing connections to Scotland formed a separate group or if they were simply integrated into the London book market. As there is little external information on the majority of publishers, we generate node and edge attributes from the catalog data itself. The results suggest that social processes were deeply involved in the decisions behind copublishing and collaborations and that there is indeed a significant positive effect on tie formation if both nodes are “Scottish” publishers, though this lessens over the century. We find that other important factors in tie formation are edgewise shared partners and similarity in patterns of genres published.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0342024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Key Information for the special theme: Homophily in Social Networkshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.038ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0382024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Framing Otherness on Twitter: gender, elections and networkshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.032<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study analyses the frame resonance in the Twitter debate of Gustavo Petro and, especially, of Francia Márquez’s rhetoric during the presidential elections campaign of 2022. I specifically study the potential resonance of the notion of Otherness in tweets attributed to women and to men. I apply several methodological protocols including network analysis and topic modeling. The results are positive on the frame resonance of the campaign and Francia Márquez rhetoric in both groups, showing ideological-political engagement from a semantic view more than a gendered connection. However, semantic relatedness to the particular framing studied here appears to be stronger in women than in men. Addressing Twitter attributes such as mentions and hashtags is similar in both groups.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0322024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Intelligencers, Cliques, and Stars in the Spread of 17th -Century Cartesianismhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.031<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper examines the dissemination of Cartesianism in the 17th century by studying the networks of authors in the field of natural philosophy. Key figures who spread knowledge and innovated the field are identified and contextualized. Furthermore, the network analysis shows how different ways of thinking coexisted within the social networks of early modern natural philosophers. To achieve this methodologically, originally bipartite networks were projected into author-to-author networks that were divided into time slices. Measurements of centrality and assortativity were used to determine prominence and diversity, which were complemented and refined with close reading. The findings reveal not only cliques of geographically connected authors, but also an overall highly connected field. Additionally, assortativity indicates a moderate tendency toward homophily in the authors’ connections to others within the same philosophical tradition. The study furthermore identifies that central authors were predominantly eclectic or Cartesian, suggesting that Cartesianism was driven by such individuals in structurally well-connected positions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0312024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Homophily vs the Generalized Otherhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.037<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Most recent academic studies of homophily—the tendency of people to interact with similar others—lean to a sociological critique of digital technologies, rather than revealing fundamentally positive outcomes. A few solid philosophical endeavors have emerged from the fields of philosophy of technology and enactive ethics. This article adopts a sociological perspective to argue that digital social networks can serve as an ethical infrastructure for facilitating effective communication. However, they also face the challenge of organizing the myriad of individual voices present within them, so that the necessary moral conditions to mitigate homophily can be established. From this viewpoint, it is suggested homophily should be viewed not as an individual’s right to expression but as a cultivated echo-moral cultured landscape. Homophily is not an input but an outcome. Homophily does not happen without evaluating reception. A voice without assessment lacks the ethical dimension. By applying the theory of the social construction of reality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.037_ref_003">Berger &amp; Luckmann, 2008</xref>), homophily can be conceived as the contribution of <italic>significant others</italic>. Most importantly, effective communication can be attained when new secondary institutions organize the input of <italic>significant others</italic> into a meaningful <italic>generalized other</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.037_ref_021">Mead, 2015</xref>). As a result, I propose that digital technologies allow for ameliorating the moral character of the individual by shifting how one looks at communication: from an individual’s right to a voice into an ordered culture of <italic>voices</italic>, from preserving rights to serving rightly. This perspective could illuminate policymakers to establish right processes to avoid homophily and help individuals and organizations achieve effective means of communication and deliberation.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.0372024-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Men Think they Know More about Networkshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/connections-2022-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The fields of social network analysis and network science have recently undertaken efforts to address issues of gender diversity and representation. However, despite these important efforts, subtle threats to representation are likely to persist. I use a 2023 global survey of 260 network researchers to show that men rate themselves as having more expertise with networks than women. This is troubling because, to the extent that women believe they lack the expertise to be considered for awards or collaboration opportunities, it can impede other efforts to diversify the field. I conclude by discussing some possible explanations for this finding and some possible strategies for addressing its consequences.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/connections-2022-00032023-08-29T00:00:00.000+00:00On the Effect of Reciprocal Dyadic Relations on the Share of Lexical Practiceshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/connections-2022-0001<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Variationist studies have shown the implication of tie properties in the emergence and preservation of linguistic norms. This contribution deepens the understanding of this mechanism at the dyadic level. It explores relational subjectivity and relativity among individuals of a community and their implications in the distribution of lexical variants. The aim is to understand how the reciprocity of a relation influences the share of lexical practices. To do so, we analyze the network of discussions of bachelor's degree students of the University of Geneva and their lexical practices. Using the modern methods used in social network analysis to study relational properties and by running multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP), reciprocal interactions are found to lead to a higher lexical share and similarity.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/connections-2022-00012023-03-10T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This article provides an overview of the “Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (RECENS) Wired into each other” longitudinal social network study conducted in 44 secondary-school classrooms in Hungary between 2010 and 2013. Participants were asked to fill out paper-based surveys four times over a 3-year period (<italic>n</italic> = 1,767 students). These surveys explored peer relations and perceptions within each classroom in over 30 distinct network dimensions, including shared social activities, ties of affection, bullying and victimization, perceptions about peers’ traits (including their ethnicity), behaviors, social roles, and status. Alongside the network data, we collected information about students’ individual background (e.g., sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status) and behaviors (e.g., smoking, studying habits). We further interviewed the main teacher of each classroom to gather data about teaching arrangements and teacher perceptions of students. The current article aims to provide context for the dataset and documentation available online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.045_ref_033">Vörös et al., 2022</xref>). The dataset has been used in several published research articles, and PhD and MA theses in recent years. However, we believe that its publication is still highly relevant, as various measures in the rich dataset remain unexplored to date. After describing the study and available data, we review the main topics the study team and our colleagues have explored in recent years. We then outline a few promising directions for further inquiry into the data, which could all leverage the unique multiplex information gathered in the surveyed communities.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Ethical Issues in HIV-related Social Network Research Involving Substance-Using Sexual Minorities at Risk for HIV</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.042</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title><p>Some social network research (SNR) relies on individuals reporting information about network members, with network members not providing consent. We assess how substance-using sexual minorities at risk for HIV perceive the benefits and risks of SNR and the preferred processes for obtaining informed consent.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title><p>We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with adults who identified as people of color, were cisgender male and had sex with cisgender men, and reported using substances (&lt;12 months) in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were asked about perceived risks and benefits of SNR related to HIV, with differing levels of network information being collected. Participants compared the risks of SNR to risks in daily life and were asked about their preferred consent format. Interviews were recorded via zoom, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title><p>Participants were Latinx (84%), Black (10%), and 1 Filipino (5%), the median age was 31 years, and 25% of them reported previous research experience. Most viewed SNR favorably and less risky than daily life. Participants preferred study designs where network members are also recruited, as their consent was viewed as “community consent.” Participants also felt that community benefits of HIV-related SNR research outweigh the risks. Opinions were mixed about providing identifying information in the context of reporting substance use. A combination of a video using “lay-language” visuals and a written consent format was preferred.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title><p>Perceived benefits of SNR to HIV prevention and care outweighed the risks, with concerns about providing last names. Researchers should assess whether the collection of last names is warranted.</p></sec> </abstract></value>
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<title>Contagion and Interpersonal Influence: Distinguishing Mechanisms of Behavior Change Using Social Network Theory</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.041</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper articulates the many ways social network researchers conceptualize and operationalize network influences on people's behaviors. Four categories of network influences are described: (1) personal network, (2) positional, (3) network-level, and (4) individual network-level interactions. Personal network effects are based on data from the individual's direct and indirect contacts. Positional effects are derived from the individual's position in the network such as being central or peripheral. Network-level effects are measured using network-level indicators such as centralization or clustering. Interaction effects occur when there is consideration of both the individual and network level measures such as understanding the influence of being in a central position in a centralized or decentralized network. These various network effects are contrasted with contagion, which is the most frequently used mechanism for diffusion. One conclusion drawn from this review is that when we invoke contagion explanations, we give agency to the product, whereas when we invoke interpersonal influence explanations, we give agency to people and social systems.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>The Role of Classroom Seating Arrangements in Friendship Formation and Persistence</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.043</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This research study aims to analyze the differences existing between teacher-assigned seating and free seating in classrooms in terms of their impact on students’ friendship formation across a semester. The goal is to bridge the literature on seating arrangements, spatial propinquity, and friendship networks for teenagers. Through a social network analysis of friendships in a classroom at the beginning and end of a semester in addition to the seating maps at play, it is possible to test how different seating influences adolescent social structure. This innovative way of tackling spatial propinquity in schools not only has the potential to improve our understanding of high school friendship structures and how they relate to classrooms but also to increase our knowledge of the effects of seating assignments in high schools, a practice that is widespread in the United States. This study analyzes 410 student respondents in 24 American high school classrooms longitudinally across a semester. The results were unexpected: when students choose their seats, the formation of friendships tends to be more influenced by seating proximity, and these friendships tend to be less racially homophilous than when teachers choose seats.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-08-16T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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<title>Social networks of American Indian youth on a Northern Plains reservation</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.046</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Social relations and multigenerational networks remain a salient fixture of American Indian (AI) culture and survivance. Network data can describe the dynamic nature of social networks and the powerful role these relationships play in the development of behaviors in adolescence. Research in other populations has demonstrated how networks impact risk and resilience, but data on these factors are lacking among AI adolescents. There are reasons to expect that network structures may differ and that prevailing social network theories may not apply among this population. This paper describes ego and grade level networks of 9th and 10th grade AI youth (N = 263) in three diverse schools on a Northern Plains reservation. Aligned with prior research, we find that gender homophily plays a role in friendship formation. Unlike in other settings, race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of friendship ties; this finding is not surprising given that 94% of the sample identified as being from this Northern Plains tribe. The descriptive findings also suggest that AI youth have a significant portion of family ties, even among their school-based networks. This may be a distinct feature of AI networks. Variation in networks across schools suggests unique community contexts that may make a universal approach to prevention development and implementation less effective. Within this tribal community, we find significant differences in the types, sizes, and potential mechanisms of tie formation. This underscores the importance of identifying network variations to implement targeted preventive interventions for feasibility, efficacy, and sustainability.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Making Personal Networks with a Computer: Lessons from the Field using Vennmaker</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.036</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Vennmaker software was created as a tool for actor-centered and interactive networks. It has many options that users can implement at different stages of their studies. Documentation is available showing how to use it technically and the steps to follow for its correct use. However, less has been documented about the experience of using it in fieldwork to establish personal networks, a gap which this article aims to fill. This article combines the experiences of doing fieldwork using Vennmaker in two very different contexts and research designs. It concentrates on its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its usefulness in learning, while also sharing some useful information for those who are planning to use it in future research.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Personal Network Composition and Cognitive Reflection Predict Susceptibility to Different Types of Misinformation</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.044</link>
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<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Despite a rapid increase in research on the underpinnings of misinformation susceptibility, scholars still disagree about the relative impacts of social context and individual cognitive factors. We argue that cognitive reflection and identity-based network homogeneity may have unique influences on different types of misinformation. Specifically, identity-based network homogeneity predicts bias that is related to any type of identity-based information (i.e., political rumors), and cognitive reflection is more tailored toward truth discernment (i.e., fake news headlines). We conducted our study using an online sample (N = 214) split evenly between Democrats and Republicans and collected data on personal network composition, cognitive reflection, as well as susceptibility, sentiments, and sharing behavior in relation to political rumors and misinformation, respectively. Results demonstrate that where network homogeneity predicts belief and sharing in both political rumors and fake news headlines, cognitive reflection only predicts belief and sharing of fake news headlines. Social vs. cognitive factors for predicting different types of misinformation are discussed.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Fractals Beyond Hierarchy—Analyzing the Temporal Patterns of Contact Networks in a French Public Sector Organization</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.035</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Fractals describe structural details at arbitrarily small scales, but are mathematically not necessarily complex, presenting a pragmatic way of describing nature. They are also common in social settings, including the organizational space. However, attention has been devoted to temporal fractal patterns in heterarchical or networked organizations. This article leverages data on face-to-face interactions collected by the SocioPatterns collaboration in a public sector organization to investigate temporal fractal patterns in interaction networks and three types of processes have been identified in this. White noise exhibits no correlation in time with rapid, chaotic changes. Brown noise entails a diffusion process with stable, structural patterns, but no quick adaptation. Pink noise exhibits an equilibrium between the two, producing dynamics that maintain stable patterns of interactions, remaining flexible to regulate interaction. The interaction network is described with metrics of social network analysis, and analyzed with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to detect temporal fractal patterns within the three largest departments as well as the whole organization. Results indicate high levels of pink noise with traces of white noise in the departments as well as pink noise with traces of brown noise on the organizational level. While previous research found pink noise processes in self-organizing networks, this article extends them to structured intraorganizational networks. The low levels of brown noise question the influence of rigid organizational structures and processes on the temporal structure of interaction. Hence, the fractal temporal structure of the interactions themselves is a factor that contributes to the stability of interactions between individuals over time.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>The Impact of Brokerage in a Communication Network on Productivity: Evidence from Sensor Data</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.030</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Problem-solving effectiveness is key to organizational performance. To solve problems, gathering information from colleagues is critical, and positioning brokerage in communication networks is beneficial. The communication network for problem-solving is formed depending on the nature of the problem. Thus, the problem-solving network is the relational event network, and the connection of the problem-solving network dynamically changes over time depending on the problem basis. This study investigates the dynamics of brokerage in a problem-solving network and its impact on productivity in a company that provides technical support and troubleshooting for the IT system that its corporate customers use. By exploiting high-frequency data on face-to-face communication among employees collected by wearable sensors, we established the following results. First, the communication partners of each employee change weekly, which is a reasonable time to solve problems in the company. Second, with the change in the communication network, employees who position brokerage also change on a weekly basis. Third, while brokerage in a week has a positive impact on employee performance during the week, it has no impact on employee performance in the following week.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Exploring Echo Chambers in Twitter during Two Spanish Regional Elections: An Analysis of Community Interactions</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.033</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The integration of digital technology in modern society has led to an increased importance of the analysis of the digital environment in political elections. The concept of echo chambers and their influence on social networks has received significant attention in recent academic investigations. Echo chambers are commonly referred to as the digital bubble where users participate in a conversation mostly with like-minded others, and it is usually related not only to homophily but can also be directly associated with the effects of social media algorithms. This study examines the Twitter interactions during two Spanish regional elections. Data collection has been performed through Twitter Streaming API, which resulted in a total dataset of 5.5 million tweets. The study analyzes how the political communities interact inside and between them. Also, we replicate this analysis by grouping the political communities by two main affinity blocks (left-right) to evaluate if the effects of homophily are even higher under this hypothesis. Finally, the text of the tweets was analyzed to reinforce the community-interaction analysis and to conduct a sentiment analysis of the interactions. The research results indicate that within each political party community, interactions predominantly occur among individuals who hold similar political views, leading to the creation of echo chambers. These echo chambers become even more powerful when parties are unified into political affinity blocks, with over 97% of interactions occurring within each left-right block. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing academic debate by providing relevant data and reinforcing aspects studied by previous researchers.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Special Theme: Homophily in Social Networks</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.039</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Over the last thirty years, in parallel with the global uptake of the world wide web, social network analysis (SNA) has become a significant analytical approach within several disciplines and it currently holds a prominent position in academic discussions across a diverse range of topics. This special theme of <italic>Connections</italic>, the journal of the <italic>International Network for Social Network Analysis</italic>, adds to the rapidly growing body of network research with a focus on exploring the principle of homophily in social networks. It presents 5 studies from a selected number of participants to the symposium “Similarity, Selection and Influence: A Cross-Disciplinary Symposium on Homophily in Social Networks” (7–8 July, 2022, Groningen, the Netherlands). Taken together, the special theme provides an interdisciplinary understanding of homophily in social networks and outlines avenues for future research to keep investigating the subject.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Networks of Influence in Scottish Enlightenment Publishing</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.034</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The development of the “public sphere” and the Enlightenment are closely related to the networks of publishers involved in print culture. In Britain, a key question is whether diversity (in terms of nationality) in publishing increased over time. In this paper, we use large-scale library catalog data and a class of models known as Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) to investigate the extent to which an 18th-century network of publishers in London was homophilous with respect to nationality, and specifically investigate whether those with close publishing connections to Scotland formed a separate group or if they were simply integrated into the London book market. As there is little external information on the majority of publishers, we generate node and edge attributes from the catalog data itself. The results suggest that social processes were deeply involved in the decisions behind copublishing and collaborations and that there is indeed a significant positive effect on tie formation if both nodes are “Scottish” publishers, though this lessens over the century. We find that other important factors in tie formation are edgewise shared partners and similarity in patterns of genres published.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Key Information for the special theme: Homophily in Social Networks</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.038</link>
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<title>Framing Otherness on Twitter: gender, elections and networks</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.032</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study analyses the frame resonance in the Twitter debate of Gustavo Petro and, especially, of Francia Márquez’s rhetoric during the presidential elections campaign of 2022. I specifically study the potential resonance of the notion of Otherness in tweets attributed to women and to men. I apply several methodological protocols including network analysis and topic modeling. The results are positive on the frame resonance of the campaign and Francia Márquez rhetoric in both groups, showing ideological-political engagement from a semantic view more than a gendered connection. However, semantic relatedness to the particular framing studied here appears to be stronger in women than in men. Addressing Twitter attributes such as mentions and hashtags is similar in both groups.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Intelligencers, Cliques, and Stars in the Spread of 17th -Century Cartesianism</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.031</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper examines the dissemination of Cartesianism in the 17th century by studying the networks of authors in the field of natural philosophy. Key figures who spread knowledge and innovated the field are identified and contextualized. Furthermore, the network analysis shows how different ways of thinking coexisted within the social networks of early modern natural philosophers. To achieve this methodologically, originally bipartite networks were projected into author-to-author networks that were divided into time slices. Measurements of centrality and assortativity were used to determine prominence and diversity, which were complemented and refined with close reading. The findings reveal not only cliques of geographically connected authors, but also an overall highly connected field. Additionally, assortativity indicates a moderate tendency toward homophily in the authors’ connections to others within the same philosophical tradition. The study furthermore identifies that central authors were predominantly eclectic or Cartesian, suggesting that Cartesianism was driven by such individuals in structurally well-connected positions.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Homophily vs the Generalized Other</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.21307/connections-2019.037</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Most recent academic studies of homophily—the tendency of people to interact with similar others—lean to a sociological critique of digital technologies, rather than revealing fundamentally positive outcomes. A few solid philosophical endeavors have emerged from the fields of philosophy of technology and enactive ethics. This article adopts a sociological perspective to argue that digital social networks can serve as an ethical infrastructure for facilitating effective communication. However, they also face the challenge of organizing the myriad of individual voices present within them, so that the necessary moral conditions to mitigate homophily can be established. From this viewpoint, it is suggested homophily should be viewed not as an individual’s right to expression but as a cultivated echo-moral cultured landscape. Homophily is not an input but an outcome. Homophily does not happen without evaluating reception. A voice without assessment lacks the ethical dimension. By applying the theory of the social construction of reality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.037_ref_003">Berger &amp; Luckmann, 2008</xref>), homophily can be conceived as the contribution of <italic>significant others</italic>. Most importantly, effective communication can be attained when new secondary institutions organize the input of <italic>significant others</italic> into a meaningful <italic>generalized other</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_connections-2019.037_ref_021">Mead, 2015</xref>). As a result, I propose that digital technologies allow for ameliorating the moral character of the individual by shifting how one looks at communication: from an individual’s right to a voice into an ordered culture of <italic>voices</italic>, from preserving rights to serving rightly. This perspective could illuminate policymakers to establish right processes to avoid homophily and help individuals and organizations achieve effective means of communication and deliberation.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Men Think they Know More about Networks</title>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The fields of social network analysis and network science have recently undertaken efforts to address issues of gender diversity and representation. However, despite these important efforts, subtle threats to representation are likely to persist. I use a 2023 global survey of 260 network researchers to show that men rate themselves as having more expertise with networks than women. This is troubling because, to the extent that women believe they lack the expertise to be considered for awards or collaboration opportunities, it can impede other efforts to diversify the field. I conclude by discussing some possible explanations for this finding and some possible strategies for addressing its consequences.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>On the Effect of Reciprocal Dyadic Relations on the Share of Lexical Practices</title>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Variationist studies have shown the implication of tie properties in the emergence and preservation of linguistic norms. This contribution deepens the understanding of this mechanism at the dyadic level. It explores relational subjectivity and relativity among individuals of a community and their implications in the distribution of lexical variants. The aim is to understand how the reciprocity of a relation influences the share of lexical practices. To do so, we analyze the network of discussions of bachelor's degree students of the University of Geneva and their lexical practices. Using the modern methods used in social network analysis to study relational properties and by running multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP), reciprocal interactions are found to lead to a higher lexical share and similarity.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2023-03-10T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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