rss_2.0Power Electronics and Drives FeedSciendo RSS Feed for Power Electronics and Driveshttps://sciendo.com/journal/PEADhttps://www.sciendo.comPower Electronics and Drives Feedhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726ff3215d2f6c89dc7e39/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/PEAD140216Maximum Power Point Determination of Bifacial PV Using Multi-Verse Optimization Algorithm Applied on Different Cell Modelshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0007<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In the design process of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, determination of the maximum power that can be extracted from the PV modules is essential, especially for the dimensioning of the individual parts of the plant. This paper presents the determination of the maximum power point (MPPT) of a bifacial PV system using three different cell models. The optimal power point is determined by using a novel multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithm as the optimization tool. In this research work the MPPT of bifacial PV modules is determined by using the following three PV cell models: ideal single diode model, real single diode model, and two-diode model of PV cell. These cell models are developed for single-sided PV modules and therefore a proper modification of the models is necessary in order to be applied for the investigated modules. The purpose of this optimization procedure is to determine the maximum power of a bifacial PV module by minimizing the power difference between the calculated power and the experimentally determined power for certain atmospheric conditions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00072025-03-21T00:00:00.000+00:00Computationally Efficient Model Predictive Control of Delta-Connected CHB-Based Active Power Filterhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0005<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper introduces a novel control strategy for shunt-type active power filters (APF) using a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) topology in a delta connection. The control is tailored particularly for low-cost microcontrollers with limited computation power and resources. The control combines the modified instantaneous active-reactive power (PQ) theory for power grid control and subordinated optimized (two-step) finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) for control of CHB converters. The power grid control generates setpoints for CHB converters, i.e. grid compensation currents and current references securing active power delivery for DC-links of CHB converters of the APF. The two-step FCS-MPC controls the CHBs, generates phase grid compensation currents, and balances the DC-link capacitors of the CHBs. Extensive simulations and experiments on the developed 60 kW prototype of APF validate the proposed control. The results show that the control quality is comparable to the full-state FCS-MPC, while its computation time and complexity are notably reduced.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00052025-02-23T00:00:00.000+00:00Further Investigations on Unconventional Slot Numbers in Concentrated Winding Electric Motors: Rotor Eccentricity and Conventional Methods for Torque Ripple Reductionhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0006<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Electric motors with unconventional slot numbers, especially prime numbers, have been shown to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. Our previous study investigated an 8p12s servo motor topology known to be prone to cogging torque and torque ripple; in this publication, the research is expanded to a more robust 10p12s servomotor, including a comparison of the novel unconventional winding with a conventional topology with breadloaf magnets. Furthermore, Finite element method (FEM) simulations with rotor eccentricities are conducted to evaluate the impact of the novel topology on forces and torques under imperfect manufacturing. It is shown that the novel quadruple-layer topology with prime number of slots can effectively reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. Furthermore, the commonly used 10p12s servomotor topology can achieve similar performance using skewing and breadloaf permanent magnets. The novel topology is shown to be prone to torque ripple due to rotor eccentricity. Similar results to conventional concentrated windings can be achieved under imperfect manufacturing conditions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00062025-02-23T00:00:00.000+00:00Robust Adaptive Control of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with Constant Power Loadinghttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0004<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The standard model reference adaptive control (MRAC) application to the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has proven to achieve excellent dynamic and tracking responses under parametric uncertainty. However, it is sensitive to bounded non-parametric uncertainty caused by measurement noise and ripples in the output voltage produced in the electronic device. When left unchecked, it affects the system’s performance and may lead to instability. This paper investigates two robust modifications to the standard MRAC, namely the projection operator and dead zone techniques, to tackle the issue of the bounded noise to the dual active bridge with constant power loading (CPL). It further develops an improved form of the dead zone-based MRAC, which ensures better transient and steady-state output voltage when compared with the traditional dead-zone-based MRAC.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00042025-02-05T00:00:00.000+00:00A Hybrid Approach Incorporating WSO-HO and the Newton-Raphson Method to Enhancing Photovoltaic Solar Model Parameters Optimisationhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Accurate parameter estimation is vital for optimising the performance and design of photovoltaic (PV) systems. While metaheuristic algorithms (MHAs) offer promising solutions, they often face challenges such as slow convergence and difficulty balancing exploration and exploitation. This study introduces a novel hybrid approach, WSO-HO, which integrates the strengths of the war strategy optimization (WSO) and Hippopotamus Optimization (HO) algorithms, enhanced by the Newton-Raphson (NR) method, to achieve precise parameter estimation for PV models. The effectiveness of the WSO-HO algorithm was rigorously evaluated through intensive testing on three different solar panels, including the RTC France solar cell using the single diode model (SDM) and the double diode model (DDM), over 30 iterations. Comparative analysis highlights the superior performance of WSO-HO against conventional algorithms, which often struggle with accurately identifying PV model parameters. These promising results demonstrate the significant potential of this hybrid approach to improve parameter optimisation in PV systems, enabling more precise design and enhanced overall system efficiency. Furthermore, the simulation result of the performance of the WSO-HO algorithm was benchmarked against other algorithms reported in the literature, further validating its robustness and effectiveness.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00032025-01-27T00:00:00.000+00:00An Improved SOGI-Higher-Order Sliding Mode Observer-Based Induction Motor Speed Estimationhttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This article presents a novel adaptive gain tuning second-order generalised integrator (SOGI)-higher-order sliding mode (HOSM) observer for robust speed estimation for an induction motor’s entire speed range. This article introduces a hyperbolic tangent function and a varying gain exponent that ensures accurate speed estimation under noisy conditions and significantly reduces chattering observed in conventional sliding mode observers (SMOs). The robustness of the proposed speed estimation method is verified through simulations conducted on MATLAB/Simulink R2024a developed by MathWorks, demonstrating its capability to effectively track the motor’s actual speed even under varying load torque conditions, parameter variations and additional sensor noise. The proposed approach’s superiority and robustness were compared with the conventional SOGI-frequency locked loop (FLL) and super twisting algorithm (STA) SMO.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00022024-12-21T00:00:00.000+00:00Innovative Hybrid War Strategy Optimization with Incremental Conductance for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Systemshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0001<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper introduces a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for photovoltaic (PV) systems that leverages the strengths of both metaheuristic and heuristic methods. Classical MPPT algorithms, such as incremental conductance (IC) and perturb and observe (P&amp;O), are widely used but often struggle with instability, oscillations near the steady state, and slow convergence, particularly under fluctuating weather conditions such as static partial shading conditions (PSCs). To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid MPPT approach that combines the war strategy optimization (WSO) algorithm with the IC method, termed war strategy optimization-incremental conductance (WSO-IC). The performance of the WSO-IC algorithm is rigorously compared against traditional IC, P&amp;O, and standalone WSO techniques. Simulation results validate that the WSO-IC approach provides superior MPPT with faster convergence and high efficiency. The results obtained in SIMULINK demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve efficiencies exceeding 99%, even under static partial shading conditions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-00012024-12-21T00:00:00.000+00:00Retraction note: Contribution to a New Algorithm to Perform an Automatic Self-Calibration of Current Sensors (Beladjine Djamel Eddine), DOI 10.2478/pead-2024-0026https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0034ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00342024-11-06T00:00:00.000+00:00Simulating Rolling Element Bearing Defects in Induction Machineshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0033<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The significant occurrence of bearing faults in electrical machines necessitates continuous online monitoring of the machine’s operating data with the main objective of ensuring both high reliability and efficiency and therefore minimising the chance of unwanted breakdowns. This work focuses on the simulation of (defective) bearings, utilising a dedicated model with five degrees of freedom (DOF) (translational motion) in conjunction with an induction motor model. The primary objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how faulty bearings influence both the entire bearing itself and the machine, mainly concerning vibration signals and additional frictional torque. Additionally, various shapes of spalls on the raceway(s) are described, analysed and compared. This work is an extended version of the conference paper ‘Simulating Rolling Element Bearing Defects in Induction Machines’, presenting additional information on how to simulate spalls (with different shapes and sizes) on the inner ring of the bearing. Furthermore, the so-obtained vibration signal is examined and a method is proposed aiming to verify the simulation results and to predict the location of the spall (raceway of the inner or outer ring).</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00332024-11-02T00:00:00.000+00:00The Nelder–Mead Method-Based Improved Parameter Estimation of Single-Phase Induction Motorshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0032<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This work presents a comprehensive method for precisely determining the equivalent circuit characteristics of single-phase induction motors (SPIM), including both direct and indirect steps. First, a DC test, a no-load test and a locked-rotor test are performed to ascertain the primary electrical characteristics of both the main and auxiliary windings. Next, the indirect phase consists of iteratively modifying the mechanical characteristics, such as the inertial moment and friction factor, in a motor simulation model in Simulink until they match the previously determined electrical parameters. In addition, the motor parameter estimate process can be improved by applying the Nelder–Mead optimisation approach, which eliminates the need to calculate partial derivatives of a cost function. The study also applies the scalar control to the SPIM. Ultimately, the efficacy of the suggested methodology is confirmed through a comparison of simulated and actual outcomes.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00322024-10-18T00:00:00.000+00:00Decoupled Control of an Active Power Filter in a Vibrating Reference Framehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0031<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Active power filter (APF) control is a natural area of application for vibrating reference frame (VRF) transformation due to the intentional occurrence of higher harmonics in the active filter current compensating load current harmonics. Due to the vibrating frame transformation, the APF current can be represented by the DC values, and thus proportional-integral (PI) controllers are sufficient to control the converter current. However, in the typical approach, it may be impossible to combine harmonic filtration with reactive power compensation features, due to the transformation constraints. The solution to this issue is decoupling of the fundamental harmonic and high harmonic components and a separate control for each of them. This paper presents a decoupled control system of an APF, which uses VRF transformation for accurate control of high-current harmonics. Decoupling is a groundbreaking improvement of the VRF method. Moreover, different current limitation scenarios are proposed, considering both harmonics compensation and fundamental frequency reactive current compensation. Theoretical considerations are supported by simulation and experimental tests.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00312024-10-16T00:00:00.000+00:00Shearing Work Analysis and Control Design of Rotary Shears in Material Processing Lineshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0030<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Rotary shears are common part of the material processing lines (MPL). During the operation, these shears are loaded with impact cutting torque, which takes only short time but reaches values compared to motor-rated torque. Therefore, it is a technical challenge to ensure the speed stability during the cut. The presented paper deals with the analysis of the rotary shears’ operation and material cutting process from the control point of view and presents a cutting torque compensation possibility. Three types of speed controllers without and with cutting torque compensation are compared.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00302024-09-30T00:00:00.000+00:00Energy Management Strategy with Regenerative-Breaking Recovery of Mixed Storage Systems for Electric Vehicleshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0029<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper addresses the energy management (EM) strategy between batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs) in a dual-propulsion urban electric vehicle (EV). The use of two propulsion machines proves advantageous for high-performance EVs facing spatial constraints. Allocating load power requirements among the propulsion machines and energy storage components poses a significant challenge in this design. In this paper, the control strategy presents managing the energy flow between the converters and the two brushless DC motors (BLDCs) motors via the DC link in order to maintain the energy demand of the EV coming from the dynamics of the latter. For this, power control is carried out by a management algorithm. This management is based on the power requested/generated by the two machines (BLDCs), the state of charge of the batteries (SOCBat) and the state of charge of the ultracapacitors (SOCUC). The bidirectional DC-DC converter is controlled with current to ensure the functioning of the motor or the generator of the vehicle. We also integrate the controls of the DC bus and BLDC. Additionally, the recovered energy during braking is stored in the battery or in the UC depending on the operating conditions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00292024-08-23T00:00:00.000+00:00Contribution to a New Algorithm to Perform an Automatic Self-Calibration of Current Sensorshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0026<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Sensors calibration plays a crucial role in controlling systems and achieving fault-tolerant control by ensuring accuracy, performance, safety, energy efficiency, and compliance with standards. It is an essential to maintain the reliability and effectiveness of modern control systems across various applications. In this paper, we represent a new algorithm that processes a set of raw data collected by a sensor to find the mapping function that relates the raw data to the real value of the measured signal by the sensor. Working on sensors with an unknown mapping function, unknown parameters, or with external disturbances, that affects their behaviour, represents a problem; moreover, it takes a lot of time and effort to calibrate the sensor before each use. Several techniques were used to overcome these aspects mostly by recording the output of the sensor for different input values that change manually, to calibrate the sensor. However, the represented technique in this paper can easily provide us with the input/output model of a specific sensor by doing only one experiment; it also improves the accuracy of the measurements as it is a self-calibrating technique that reduces the nonlinearity and noise problems to deliver a better estimation of the measured signal, which is validated in this paper experimentally using a low-cost current sensor by comparing the obtained results from this algorithm with the results using the extracted input/output model illustrated in the datasheet. Furthermore, if the sensor is pretty poor, and if the application requires more precision, the provided estimation by the mapping function can be mixed with other sensor/s readings using sensor fusion algorithms to find a more precise value of the input. The represented algorithm can also perform self-calibration while evaluating the functionality of the application and the variations of the temperature and other external disturbances that affect the sensor.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00262024-08-09T00:00:00.000+00:00A Tri-port DC-DC Converter for Bifacial PV Panels Coupled with Energy Storagehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0028<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems, especially bifacial modules, varies due to daily fluctuations in irradiance and temperature. Maximising the efficiency and power extraction are considered crucial. Hybrid DC off-grid topologies are highly promising for rural electrification with solar energy and battery backup. These systems, tailored for household appliance use, feature low semiconductor count, continuous current ports for PV, battery and DC loads, low-voltage levels for PV and battery, voltage regulation for DC loads, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), proper battery charging and discharging, high-voltage boosting without low-frequency transformers and reduced power converter stages. However, the existing schemes often lack the above-mentioned critical features. Hence, this paper proposes a novel three-switch tri-port converter with integrated energy storage for stand-alone bifacial PV applications, with modelling and experimental validation. The battery serves as an energy storage component, regulating the DC link voltage for consistency. This paper underscores PV system power optimisation and introduces a novel tri-port converter for stand-alone bifacial PV setups, emphasising energy storage’s role in voltage regulation.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00282024-08-05T00:00:00.000+00:00A Novel Method to Obtain Reverse Bias I–V Curves for Single Cells Integrated in Photovoltaic Moduleshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0027<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Despite the existence of accurate mathematical models facilitating the analysis of photovoltaic (PV) sources’ behaviour under diverse conditions, including normal operation and situations involving mismatch phenomena such as partial shadowing and various faults (i.e., PV cells operating in forward bias and reverse bias quadrants), an important issue still persists. Crucial parameters essential for adjusting these models, particularly those related to reverse-biased characteristics such as breakdown voltage, are often absent in manufacturers’ datasheets. This omission presents a substantial challenge, as it restricts the ability to acquire comprehensive and accurate information required for a thorough analysis of devices in the second quadrant. To address this issue, our research introduces a novel method for measuring the reverse-biased I–V characteristics of individual PV cells within a module without having to dissociate them from the PV module encapsulants. The process involves measuring the forward-bias I–V curves of both the fully illuminated PV module and a partially shaded PV module with only one completely shaded cell. This can be achieved outdoors and by utilising commercially available I–V tracers. Thus, the reverse I–V curve can easily be derived from these forward bias I–V curves. Finally, the proposed method serves as a nondestructive technique for characterising solar cells in the second quadrant. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for assessing the performance and health of PV modules without causing damage and may result in significant cost savings.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00272024-08-01T00:00:00.000+00:00Improving the Performance of Hybrid System-Based Renewable Energy by Artificial Intelligencehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical indicator of technological progress in recent years. The present study uses AI to enhance the efficiency of a hybrid system that operates on renewable energy sources. The hybrid system we propose consists of a wind energy conversion system (WECS), a photovoltaic system (PVS), a battery storage system (BSS) and electronic power converters. AI manages these converters cleverly. We use the maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to regulate the boost converter in the PVS and the WECS. We propose an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based controller to control the bidirectional converter of the storage system. The design of this module intends to maintain voltage stability on the direct current (DC) bus and improve energy quality. We study and simulate this system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results of this research show that the FLC-MPPT technique outperforms the Perturb and Observe (P&amp;O) algorithm in terms of efficiency in power production. The console we propose also shows good results in maintaining the voltage stability in the DC bus in comparison with the proportional integral (PI) controller. This paper has the potential to contribute to the development of environmentally friendly resource performance.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00252024-08-01T00:00:00.000+00:00Super-Twisting MRAS Observer-Based Non-linear Direct Flux and Torque Control for Induction Motor Driveshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0024<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This research paper proposes a novel design of an efficient combined sliding mode observer (SMO) for induction motor flux and speed estimation. The suggested sensorless technique employs the sliding mode’s second-order approach using a model reference adaptive system (MRAS). The second-order super-twisting control method is free-chattering, which lowers the chattering effect while preserving the same good features as the first-order sliding mode control (SMC). In addition, the conjunction with the MRAS as a separated speed estimator can raise the accuracy and make the observer immune to speed fluctuations, particularly for low-speed applications. Furthermore, in order to achieve effective decoupled flux–torque control, the super-twisting algorithm (STA) was combined with a non-linear feedback linearisation controller for the inner control loop construction. This strategy can boost the control system’s stability and robustness against external disturbances and modelling uncertainty. The performance analysis of the suggested methods has been carried out via simulation and experimental validation utilizing MATLAB/Simulink with the dSpace 1104 real-time interface.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00242024-07-17T00:00:00.000+00:00Magnetic Decoupling: Basis to Form New Electrical Machineshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0023<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Magnetic decoupling principle when applied to electrical machines states that if two windings are configured for different number of pole pairs, they would not interact with each other magnetically even though they share a common magnetic core. This principle forms the basis for developing special machines where two or more machines can be integrated with the same magnetic circuit. This paper deals with formulating the mathematical analysis that determines the validity of this principle during practical conditions (i.e. non-sinusoidal winding distribution, flux saturation, etc.). Extensive Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation results from the Ansys Maxwell-2D software platform closely obey the conclusions derived from the mathematical analysis. As an example, new brushless and magnetless synchronous machines (SMs) have been developed by using this principle. It is designed by embedding an induction machine (IM) with a SM. Experimental investigations conducted on the laboratory prototype support the mathematical analysis dealt with in this paper.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00232024-07-01T00:00:00.000+00:00Constrained Series PI, PID and PIDA Controller Design Inspired by Ziegler–Nicholshttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0021<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper complements the results of several recent papers on higher-order (HO) controllers with automatic-reset. A modification of the two-step tuning of the constrained second-order derivative controllers based on integrator-plus-dead-time (IPDT) models is proposed. In the first step, the linear controller is designed using the multiple real dominant poles (MRDPs) method to avoid the slowdown of the closed-loop dynamics due to the presence of slow poles. In the second step, the smallest time constant of the numerator of the MRDP-optimal controller transfer function is selected as the automatic-reset time constant. The derived control method was tested on a thermal system for the filament disc dryer to demonstrate the deployment, tuning, use and impact of controllers with increasing derivative degree in practical applications. It is shown that the use of HO controllers is similar to the traditional hyper-reset controllers (i.e. series proportional-integral-derivative [PID] controllers) from the user’s point of view. However, the advantages are faster transient responses while maintaining sufficiently smooth input and output shapes of the process with a minimum number of monotonic intervals. The overall design can be seen as a generalisation and discretisation of the Ziegler and Nichols graphical tuning method. One of the main new features is the consideration of a constrained control signal, as is typical for a pulse width modulated (PWM) actuator. Such actuators are often used in speed-controlled electric drives and in power electronics, among other applications.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-00212024-06-29T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Electric motors with unconventional slot numbers, especially prime numbers, have been shown to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. Our previous study investigated an 8p12s servo motor topology known to be prone to cogging torque and torque ripple; in this publication, the research is expanded to a more robust 10p12s servomotor, including a comparison of the novel unconventional winding with a conventional topology with breadloaf magnets. Furthermore, Finite element method (FEM) simulations with rotor eccentricities are conducted to evaluate the impact of the novel topology on forces and torques under imperfect manufacturing. It is shown that the novel quadruple-layer topology with prime number of slots can effectively reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. Furthermore, the commonly used 10p12s servomotor topology can achieve similar performance using skewing and breadloaf permanent magnets. The novel topology is shown to be prone to torque ripple due to rotor eccentricity. Similar results to conventional concentrated windings can be achieved under imperfect manufacturing conditions.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Robust Adaptive Control of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with Constant Power Loading</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0004</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The standard model reference adaptive control (MRAC) application to the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has proven to achieve excellent dynamic and tracking responses under parametric uncertainty. However, it is sensitive to bounded non-parametric uncertainty caused by measurement noise and ripples in the output voltage produced in the electronic device. When left unchecked, it affects the system’s performance and may lead to instability. This paper investigates two robust modifications to the standard MRAC, namely the projection operator and dead zone techniques, to tackle the issue of the bounded noise to the dual active bridge with constant power loading (CPL). It further develops an improved form of the dead zone-based MRAC, which ensures better transient and steady-state output voltage when compared with the traditional dead-zone-based MRAC.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>A Hybrid Approach Incorporating WSO-HO and the Newton-Raphson Method to Enhancing Photovoltaic Solar Model Parameters Optimisation</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0003</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Accurate parameter estimation is vital for optimising the performance and design of photovoltaic (PV) systems. While metaheuristic algorithms (MHAs) offer promising solutions, they often face challenges such as slow convergence and difficulty balancing exploration and exploitation. This study introduces a novel hybrid approach, WSO-HO, which integrates the strengths of the war strategy optimization (WSO) and Hippopotamus Optimization (HO) algorithms, enhanced by the Newton-Raphson (NR) method, to achieve precise parameter estimation for PV models. The effectiveness of the WSO-HO algorithm was rigorously evaluated through intensive testing on three different solar panels, including the RTC France solar cell using the single diode model (SDM) and the double diode model (DDM), over 30 iterations. Comparative analysis highlights the superior performance of WSO-HO against conventional algorithms, which often struggle with accurately identifying PV model parameters. These promising results demonstrate the significant potential of this hybrid approach to improve parameter optimisation in PV systems, enabling more precise design and enhanced overall system efficiency. Furthermore, the simulation result of the performance of the WSO-HO algorithm was benchmarked against other algorithms reported in the literature, further validating its robustness and effectiveness.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>An Improved SOGI-Higher-Order Sliding Mode Observer-Based Induction Motor Speed Estimation</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0002</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This article presents a novel adaptive gain tuning second-order generalised integrator (SOGI)-higher-order sliding mode (HOSM) observer for robust speed estimation for an induction motor’s entire speed range. This article introduces a hyperbolic tangent function and a varying gain exponent that ensures accurate speed estimation under noisy conditions and significantly reduces chattering observed in conventional sliding mode observers (SMOs). The robustness of the proposed speed estimation method is verified through simulations conducted on MATLAB/Simulink R2024a developed by MathWorks, demonstrating its capability to effectively track the motor’s actual speed even under varying load torque conditions, parameter variations and additional sensor noise. The proposed approach’s superiority and robustness were compared with the conventional SOGI-frequency locked loop (FLL) and super twisting algorithm (STA) SMO.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Innovative Hybrid War Strategy Optimization with Incremental Conductance for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Systems</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2025-0001</link>
<uri/>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper introduces a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for photovoltaic (PV) systems that leverages the strengths of both metaheuristic and heuristic methods. Classical MPPT algorithms, such as incremental conductance (IC) and perturb and observe (P&amp;O), are widely used but often struggle with instability, oscillations near the steady state, and slow convergence, particularly under fluctuating weather conditions such as static partial shading conditions (PSCs). To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid MPPT approach that combines the war strategy optimization (WSO) algorithm with the IC method, termed war strategy optimization-incremental conductance (WSO-IC). The performance of the WSO-IC algorithm is rigorously compared against traditional IC, P&amp;O, and standalone WSO techniques. Simulation results validate that the WSO-IC approach provides superior MPPT with faster convergence and high efficiency. The results obtained in SIMULINK demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve efficiencies exceeding 99%, even under static partial shading conditions.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Retraction note: Contribution to a New Algorithm to Perform an Automatic Self-Calibration of Current Sensors (Beladjine Djamel Eddine), DOI 10.2478/pead-2024-0026</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0034</link>
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<title>Simulating Rolling Element Bearing Defects in Induction Machines</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0033</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The significant occurrence of bearing faults in electrical machines necessitates continuous online monitoring of the machine’s operating data with the main objective of ensuring both high reliability and efficiency and therefore minimising the chance of unwanted breakdowns. This work focuses on the simulation of (defective) bearings, utilising a dedicated model with five degrees of freedom (DOF) (translational motion) in conjunction with an induction motor model. The primary objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how faulty bearings influence both the entire bearing itself and the machine, mainly concerning vibration signals and additional frictional torque. Additionally, various shapes of spalls on the raceway(s) are described, analysed and compared. This work is an extended version of the conference paper ‘Simulating Rolling Element Bearing Defects in Induction Machines’, presenting additional information on how to simulate spalls (with different shapes and sizes) on the inner ring of the bearing. Furthermore, the so-obtained vibration signal is examined and a method is proposed aiming to verify the simulation results and to predict the location of the spall (raceway of the inner or outer ring).</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>The Nelder–Mead Method-Based Improved Parameter Estimation of Single-Phase Induction Motors</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0032</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This work presents a comprehensive method for precisely determining the equivalent circuit characteristics of single-phase induction motors (SPIM), including both direct and indirect steps. First, a DC test, a no-load test and a locked-rotor test are performed to ascertain the primary electrical characteristics of both the main and auxiliary windings. Next, the indirect phase consists of iteratively modifying the mechanical characteristics, such as the inertial moment and friction factor, in a motor simulation model in Simulink until they match the previously determined electrical parameters. In addition, the motor parameter estimate process can be improved by applying the Nelder–Mead optimisation approach, which eliminates the need to calculate partial derivatives of a cost function. The study also applies the scalar control to the SPIM. Ultimately, the efficacy of the suggested methodology is confirmed through a comparison of simulated and actual outcomes.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-10-18T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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<title>Decoupled Control of an Active Power Filter in a Vibrating Reference Frame</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0031</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Active power filter (APF) control is a natural area of application for vibrating reference frame (VRF) transformation due to the intentional occurrence of higher harmonics in the active filter current compensating load current harmonics. Due to the vibrating frame transformation, the APF current can be represented by the DC values, and thus proportional-integral (PI) controllers are sufficient to control the converter current. However, in the typical approach, it may be impossible to combine harmonic filtration with reactive power compensation features, due to the transformation constraints. The solution to this issue is decoupling of the fundamental harmonic and high harmonic components and a separate control for each of them. This paper presents a decoupled control system of an APF, which uses VRF transformation for accurate control of high-current harmonics. Decoupling is a groundbreaking improvement of the VRF method. Moreover, different current limitation scenarios are proposed, considering both harmonics compensation and fundamental frequency reactive current compensation. Theoretical considerations are supported by simulation and experimental tests.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Shearing Work Analysis and Control Design of Rotary Shears in Material Processing Lines</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0030</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Rotary shears are common part of the material processing lines (MPL). During the operation, these shears are loaded with impact cutting torque, which takes only short time but reaches values compared to motor-rated torque. Therefore, it is a technical challenge to ensure the speed stability during the cut. The presented paper deals with the analysis of the rotary shears’ operation and material cutting process from the control point of view and presents a cutting torque compensation possibility. Three types of speed controllers without and with cutting torque compensation are compared.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-09-30T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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<title>Energy Management Strategy with Regenerative-Breaking Recovery of Mixed Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0029</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper addresses the energy management (EM) strategy between batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs) in a dual-propulsion urban electric vehicle (EV). The use of two propulsion machines proves advantageous for high-performance EVs facing spatial constraints. Allocating load power requirements among the propulsion machines and energy storage components poses a significant challenge in this design. In this paper, the control strategy presents managing the energy flow between the converters and the two brushless DC motors (BLDCs) motors via the DC link in order to maintain the energy demand of the EV coming from the dynamics of the latter. For this, power control is carried out by a management algorithm. This management is based on the power requested/generated by the two machines (BLDCs), the state of charge of the batteries (SOCBat) and the state of charge of the ultracapacitors (SOCUC). The bidirectional DC-DC converter is controlled with current to ensure the functioning of the motor or the generator of the vehicle. We also integrate the controls of the DC bus and BLDC. Additionally, the recovered energy during braking is stored in the battery or in the UC depending on the operating conditions.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Contribution to a New Algorithm to Perform an Automatic Self-Calibration of Current Sensors</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0026</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Sensors calibration plays a crucial role in controlling systems and achieving fault-tolerant control by ensuring accuracy, performance, safety, energy efficiency, and compliance with standards. It is an essential to maintain the reliability and effectiveness of modern control systems across various applications. In this paper, we represent a new algorithm that processes a set of raw data collected by a sensor to find the mapping function that relates the raw data to the real value of the measured signal by the sensor. Working on sensors with an unknown mapping function, unknown parameters, or with external disturbances, that affects their behaviour, represents a problem; moreover, it takes a lot of time and effort to calibrate the sensor before each use. Several techniques were used to overcome these aspects mostly by recording the output of the sensor for different input values that change manually, to calibrate the sensor. However, the represented technique in this paper can easily provide us with the input/output model of a specific sensor by doing only one experiment; it also improves the accuracy of the measurements as it is a self-calibrating technique that reduces the nonlinearity and noise problems to deliver a better estimation of the measured signal, which is validated in this paper experimentally using a low-cost current sensor by comparing the obtained results from this algorithm with the results using the extracted input/output model illustrated in the datasheet. Furthermore, if the sensor is pretty poor, and if the application requires more precision, the provided estimation by the mapping function can be mixed with other sensor/s readings using sensor fusion algorithms to find a more precise value of the input. The represented algorithm can also perform self-calibration while evaluating the functionality of the application and the variations of the temperature and other external disturbances that affect the sensor.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-08-09T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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<title>A Tri-port DC-DC Converter for Bifacial PV Panels Coupled with Energy Storage</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0028</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems, especially bifacial modules, varies due to daily fluctuations in irradiance and temperature. Maximising the efficiency and power extraction are considered crucial. Hybrid DC off-grid topologies are highly promising for rural electrification with solar energy and battery backup. These systems, tailored for household appliance use, feature low semiconductor count, continuous current ports for PV, battery and DC loads, low-voltage levels for PV and battery, voltage regulation for DC loads, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), proper battery charging and discharging, high-voltage boosting without low-frequency transformers and reduced power converter stages. However, the existing schemes often lack the above-mentioned critical features. Hence, this paper proposes a novel three-switch tri-port converter with integrated energy storage for stand-alone bifacial PV applications, with modelling and experimental validation. The battery serves as an energy storage component, regulating the DC link voltage for consistency. This paper underscores PV system power optimisation and introduces a novel tri-port converter for stand-alone bifacial PV setups, emphasising energy storage’s role in voltage regulation.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>A Novel Method to Obtain Reverse Bias I–V Curves for Single Cells Integrated in Photovoltaic Modules</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0027</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Despite the existence of accurate mathematical models facilitating the analysis of photovoltaic (PV) sources’ behaviour under diverse conditions, including normal operation and situations involving mismatch phenomena such as partial shadowing and various faults (i.e., PV cells operating in forward bias and reverse bias quadrants), an important issue still persists. Crucial parameters essential for adjusting these models, particularly those related to reverse-biased characteristics such as breakdown voltage, are often absent in manufacturers’ datasheets. This omission presents a substantial challenge, as it restricts the ability to acquire comprehensive and accurate information required for a thorough analysis of devices in the second quadrant. To address this issue, our research introduces a novel method for measuring the reverse-biased I–V characteristics of individual PV cells within a module without having to dissociate them from the PV module encapsulants. The process involves measuring the forward-bias I–V curves of both the fully illuminated PV module and a partially shaded PV module with only one completely shaded cell. This can be achieved outdoors and by utilising commercially available I–V tracers. Thus, the reverse I–V curve can easily be derived from these forward bias I–V curves. Finally, the proposed method serves as a nondestructive technique for characterising solar cells in the second quadrant. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for assessing the performance and health of PV modules without causing damage and may result in significant cost savings.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Improving the Performance of Hybrid System-Based Renewable Energy by Artificial Intelligence</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0025</link>
<uri/>
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<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical indicator of technological progress in recent years. The present study uses AI to enhance the efficiency of a hybrid system that operates on renewable energy sources. The hybrid system we propose consists of a wind energy conversion system (WECS), a photovoltaic system (PVS), a battery storage system (BSS) and electronic power converters. AI manages these converters cleverly. We use the maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to regulate the boost converter in the PVS and the WECS. We propose an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based controller to control the bidirectional converter of the storage system. The design of this module intends to maintain voltage stability on the direct current (DC) bus and improve energy quality. We study and simulate this system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results of this research show that the FLC-MPPT technique outperforms the Perturb and Observe (P&amp;O) algorithm in terms of efficiency in power production. The console we propose also shows good results in maintaining the voltage stability in the DC bus in comparison with the proportional integral (PI) controller. This paper has the potential to contribute to the development of environmentally friendly resource performance.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Super-Twisting MRAS Observer-Based Non-linear Direct Flux and Torque Control for Induction Motor Drives</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0024</link>
<uri/>
<description>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This research paper proposes a novel design of an efficient combined sliding mode observer (SMO) for induction motor flux and speed estimation. The suggested sensorless technique employs the sliding mode’s second-order approach using a model reference adaptive system (MRAS). The second-order super-twisting control method is free-chattering, which lowers the chattering effect while preserving the same good features as the first-order sliding mode control (SMC). In addition, the conjunction with the MRAS as a separated speed estimator can raise the accuracy and make the observer immune to speed fluctuations, particularly for low-speed applications. Furthermore, in order to achieve effective decoupled flux–torque control, the super-twisting algorithm (STA) was combined with a non-linear feedback linearisation controller for the inner control loop construction. This strategy can boost the control system’s stability and robustness against external disturbances and modelling uncertainty. The performance analysis of the suggested methods has been carried out via simulation and experimental validation utilizing MATLAB/Simulink with the dSpace 1104 real-time interface.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-07-17T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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<title>Magnetic Decoupling: Basis to Form New Electrical Machines</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0023</link>
<uri/>
<description>
<type/>
<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Magnetic decoupling principle when applied to electrical machines states that if two windings are configured for different number of pole pairs, they would not interact with each other magnetically even though they share a common magnetic core. This principle forms the basis for developing special machines where two or more machines can be integrated with the same magnetic circuit. This paper deals with formulating the mathematical analysis that determines the validity of this principle during practical conditions (i.e. non-sinusoidal winding distribution, flux saturation, etc.). Extensive Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation results from the Ansys Maxwell-2D software platform closely obey the conclusions derived from the mathematical analysis. As an example, new brushless and magnetless synchronous machines (SMs) have been developed by using this principle. It is designed by embedding an induction machine (IM) with a SM. Experimental investigations conducted on the laboratory prototype support the mathematical analysis dealt with in this paper.</p> </abstract></value>
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<title>Constrained Series PI, PID and PIDA Controller Design Inspired by Ziegler–Nichols</title>
<link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pead-2024-0021</link>
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<value><abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present paper complements the results of several recent papers on higher-order (HO) controllers with automatic-reset. A modification of the two-step tuning of the constrained second-order derivative controllers based on integrator-plus-dead-time (IPDT) models is proposed. In the first step, the linear controller is designed using the multiple real dominant poles (MRDPs) method to avoid the slowdown of the closed-loop dynamics due to the presence of slow poles. In the second step, the smallest time constant of the numerator of the MRDP-optimal controller transfer function is selected as the automatic-reset time constant. The derived control method was tested on a thermal system for the filament disc dryer to demonstrate the deployment, tuning, use and impact of controllers with increasing derivative degree in practical applications. It is shown that the use of HO controllers is similar to the traditional hyper-reset controllers (i.e. series proportional-integral-derivative [PID] controllers) from the user’s point of view. However, the advantages are faster transient responses while maintaining sufficiently smooth input and output shapes of the process with a minimum number of monotonic intervals. The overall design can be seen as a generalisation and discretisation of the Ziegler and Nichols graphical tuning method. One of the main new features is the consideration of a constrained control signal, as is typical for a pulse width modulated (PWM) actuator. Such actuators are often used in speed-controlled electric drives and in power electronics, among other applications.</p> </abstract></value>
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<pubDate>2024-06-29T00:00:00.000+00:00</pubDate>
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