rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Polish Journal of Chemical Technologyhttps://sciendo.com/journal/PJCThttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6472784b215d2f6c89dc95fc/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/PJCT140216https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0039<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The chemical industry is one of the key elements in improving the quality of human life. At the same time, it generates pollution influencing the ecosystem and our health. To limit or remove some of the reasons of pollution for two decades less harmful approaches to the synthesis of various organic compounds were developed. Among organic compounds, azomethines, also known as Schiff bases, are of particular interest in biochemistry, medicine, and pharmacy. For over twenty years many novel approaches to the synthesis of these compounds have been investigated. Toxic solvents (benzene, toluene) have been replaced with water, fruit juice, or white egg, and in many cases, temperature and time of process were significantly reduced. In the review, conventional and green approaches to the synthesis of Schiff bases are presented with a focus on the effectiveness of these methods, including advantages and disadvantages.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00392024-10-01T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0030<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), trisodium citrate dihydrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇ · 2H₂O), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), and L-ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆) were combined in distilled water to create a triangular silver nanoprism particle (AgNPRP) solution. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy at wavelengths of 350–460 nm and 580–700 nm was observed, and as a result of them, the successful formation of the triangular AgNPRPs was confirmed. The prepared silver nanoprism particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and employed for the colorimetric detection of platinum(IV) ions in an aqueous solution containing Pt⁴⁺ ions. The color of the aqueous silver nanoprism particle solution, containing Pt⁴⁺ ions, changed from blue to light brown before turning colorless. Using UV-vis spectrophotometry, the detection limit of the Pt⁴⁺ ion concentration was determined to be 6.23 μM in an aqueous solution of silver nanoprism particles. The proposed method was applied for detecting Pt⁴⁺ ions in tap water samples.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00302024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0037<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The present study appraised the inhibitory role of ethanol (PDEE) and ethyl acetate (PDEAE) extracts of <italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> L. against three molecularly identified fungi: <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>. HPLC analysis revealed that gallic acid was the major phenolic compound in both extracts: (PDEE: 1721.90 μg/g) and (PDEAE: 101.53 μg/g). The major flavonoids in PDEE are rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin, whereas PDEAE contains kaempferol, naringenin, and quercetin. The GC-MS showed 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (26.25%) is the highest compound in PDEE, while diisooctyl phthalate (18.82%) is the most important compound in PDEAE. At 50 μg/mL, the inhibition percentage of PDEAE initiated the highest growth inhibition of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (49.63%) and <italic>R. solani</italic> (71.43%). Meanwhile, PDEE at 200 μg/mL initiated an inhibition value of 77.78% for <italic>B. cinerea</italic>. As a result, PDEAE is considered more effective than PDEE in controlling the growth of selected isolates.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00372024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0032<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>As a green and safe amino acid surfactant, sodium lauryl glutamate (SLG) has been favored by researchers. However, SLG has low solubility and its single system is not conducive to its application. Zwitterionic surfactants can increase its solubility by forming mixed micelles and possibly new phase states. In this paper, SLG was combined with lauramide propyl hydroxysulfobetaine (LHSB), and its different states were characterized. The type of phase states were determined and the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were drawn. It was found that when the concentration of SLG was low and the proportion of SLG was not high, there were a large number of globular micelles in the solution, and rod-like micelles would appear as the concentration increased. As the concentration further increased, the SLG/LHSB system exhibited the characteristic of worm like micelles. With the further increase of concentration, the liquid crystal structures of hexagonal and layered phases were observed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00322024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0029<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Nano-ZnO/transition metal composites (NZTC) were prepared via sol-gel method where transition metal (Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Co²⁺ and Ni2+) and ZnSO₄ were used as the substrate. NZTC was characterized using scanning electronic microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV), fluorescence spectrophotometer (XRF), infrared spectrometer (IR), and so on. The photocatalytic degradation behaviors of nano-ZnO and NZTC for formaldehyde in gas and solution were investigated. The results indicated that nano-ZnO and NZTC could achieve the degradation of formaldehyde by photocatalytic process, and the degradation rates were up to 43.75% and 67.2% in gas and solution, respectively, thus thereby leading to good application prospects in the degradation of organic compounds.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00292024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0027<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>To solve the contradiction between reducing water-insoluble content and maintaining high viscosity in the preparation of modified guar gum for oilfield fracturing fluid, in this work, sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate was used as a modifier to prepare sulfonated guar gum. Orthogonal and single-factor extrapolation experiments were conducted to explore the effects of reaction conditions and the optimal process was determined as follows: reaction temperature of 26 ^oC, reaction time of 2.0 h, sodium hydroxide as a mass fraction of guar gum of 1.0%, and sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonate dosage as a mass fraction of guar gum of 0.5%. Furtherly, the temperature stability, filtration property, and inhibition of formation clay of the sulfonated products were investigated. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of 0.6% solution of guar gum was increased by 33%, the water-insoluble content was decreased by 0.42%, and the temperature stability, filtration resistance, and clay inhibition were all improved. Especially, the viscosity of cross-linked sulfonated guar gum is 100% higher than that of unmodified guar gum. The structure of sulfonated guar gum was characterized and confirmed by infrared spectrum, DSC, thermogravimetric, and elemental analysis.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00272024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0028<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Most renewable energy sources are intermittent and seasonal, making energy storage and consumption problematic. Hydrogen gas can save and convey chemical energy, making it a promising sustainable energy source. Electrochemical water electrolysis technology’s sustainable and efficient hydrogen gas production attracts global attention. Higher hydrogen production rates enhance hydrogen volumetric energy capacity by storing intermittent hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks. Pressurized storage tanks are cost-effective and efficient. Hydrogen gas may be stored economically and efficiently in pressurized tanks, making electrochemical water electrolysis a sustainable energy source. This paper introduced hydrogen as an alternative to natural gas, detailed water electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production, and highlighted how they can manufacture hydrogen efficiently and cost-effectively. The theoretical volume of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen that could be produced by electrolyzing water under typical temperature and pressure (STP) circumstances, assuming a 100% efficiency rate of the process. Since there are always two moles of hydrogen produced by electrolysis and one mole of gas occupies the same volume, the volume of hydrogen developed from water is twice that of oxygen. The volume of liberated oxygen is 0.21 (L/min), and the volume of liberated hydrogen is 0.42 (L/min) with a current density of 30 A, for instance, the tracer’s diffusion coefficient for all conceivable flow rates. A maximum value of 90 liters per hour was determined to be the threshold at which the diffusion coefficient increased with increasing flow rate. It would appear that the diffusion coefficient remains unchanged at flow rates greater than 90 liters per hour.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00282024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0026<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The preparation of composite metal oxide to attain high efficiency in removing phenol from wastewater has a great concern. In the present study, the focus would be on adopting antimony-tin oxide coating onto graphite substrates instead of titanium; besides the effect of SbCl₃ concentration on the SnO2-Sb₂O₃ composite would be examined. The performance of this composite electrode as the working electrode in the removal of phenol by sonoelectrochemical oxidation will be studied. The antimony-tin dioxide composite electrode was prepared by cathodic deposition with SnCl₂ . 2H₂O solution in a mixture of HNO₃ and NaNO₃, with different concentrations of SbCl₃. The SnO₂-Sb₂O₃ deposit layer’s structure and morphology were examined and the 4 g/l SbCl₃ gave the more crystallized with nanoscale electrodeposition. The highest removal of phenol was 100% at a temperature of 30 ^oC, with a current density (CD) of 25 mA/cm².</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00262024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0031<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In reaction to the expanding predominance of diabetes mellitus, curcumin nanoparticles stacked on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite were effectively synthesized, characterized, and examined utilizing UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bioactivity of curcumin (Cur), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and curcumin nanoparticles stacked with carboxymethyl cellulose (CUR-CMC) was tried through atomic docking approval as an α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor. The conclusion illustrated that the curcumin-supported CMC is more potent than CUR itself self the validation presented is compared with acarbose as a reference molecule and then CUR-CMC can presented as promising in curing hyperglycemia by decreasing the absorption of glucose.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00312024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Methoxypolyethylene glycol 1900 and α-bromoisobutanoyl bromide were utilized for alcoholysis reaction to obtain a macromolecular initiator. Then, a simple amphiphilic diblockpolymer (mPEG-PDMAEMA) based on the initiator and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate was synthesized through the atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The structures of the initiator and diblock polymer were accurately characterized using infrared spectrum and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). Cryo-transmission electron microscopy revealed the self-assembly of mPEG-PDMAEMA into vesicle-like structures in water. Upon injection of CO₂ into the solution, the tertiary amine structure within PDMAEMA underwent protonation, resulting in the mPEG-PDMAEMA adopting a hydrophilic structure. Consequently, the vesicles dissociated and dispersed, forming a network-like structure in water. The protonation phenomenon was confirmed by ¹H NMR, as evidenced by the shifting of alkyl hydrogen atoms near nitrogen atoms toward downfield positions.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00252024-09-26T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0033ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00332024-08-21T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0022<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Rising energy prices have increased the popularity of many renewable energy sources including heat pumps. In the case of ground heat pumps research related to the analysis of the operation and selection of ground heat exchangers as a heat source are insufficient. With this in mind, on the operation of the horizontal slinky coil heat exchanger research work has been undertaken. As a research tool, the Computational Fluid Dynamics has been used. To check the adequacy of the CFD model, a validation of the model was carried out using the results of research on a real heat exchanger. Comparison was made: values of ground temperatures, outlet temperatures from the exchanger, and heat flux exchanged by the heat exchanger. In the opinion of the authors, the validation of the CFD model was successful.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00222024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0017<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Solvothermal reactions of Ba(NO₃)₂ with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid gave rise to a new coordination polymer of [Ba₆(BTC)₄(H₂O)₉]}n (<bold>1</bold> H3BTC = benzenetricarboxylic acid). The complex <bold>1</bold> was characterized soundly by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The framework of <bold>1</bold> has high thermal stability and shows intense luminescence at room temperature. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) have good biocompatibility, based on the chemical synthesis method, the HA/CMCS hydrogel was prepared. With exosomes as drug models, we further synthesized novel exosome-loaded metal gel particles and evaluated their effects on oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00172024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0011<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Seawater Desalination uses hydrophobic membranes. Many techniques have been developed to improve membrane hydrophobicity by depositing particles on the membrane surface. In this study, a nanocomposite membrane utilizing Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is suggested. The membrane incorporates Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) in conjunction with Triethylenetetramine Dihydrochloride (TETA-DH). In water bath, different percentages of TETA-DH films are formed. Electro-spin fabrication of MWCNTs using TETA-DH yields smooth, low-pore membranes. Membranes and their characteristics are identified by contact angle, layer thickness, and conductivity measurements. Membrane performance is examined for heat flux and salt rejection. Compared to commercial membranes, the proposed membrane exhibits superior antifouling and anti-wetting features. The membrane exhibited permeation and rejection ratio of 46 Kg m² h⁻¹ and 99.99% respectively which is superior as compared with other membranes. The hydrophilic Surface Modifying Macromolecules percentage (LSMM%) is evaluated because it depends on average pore size, hydrophobicity, surface porosity, and shape. The tests demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed membrane for controlling membrane fouling.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00112024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0019<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Currently, adsorption stands as a viable technique for the effective removal of pollutants such as heavy metals from water. Within this research endeavor, adapted green algae (<italic>Coelastrella sp.</italic>) have been harnessed as a sustainable and environmentally conscious adsorbent, employed in the removal of Hg(II) ions from a simulated aqueous solution via employment of an Airlift bioreactor. The analysis of the attributes of adsorbent was conducted through the utilization of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The examination of residual concentrations of Hg(II) ions in the treated solution was accomplished through the utilization of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The impact of various experimental factors, including the duration of contact (ranging from 10 to 90 minutes), initial concentrations of Hg(II) ions (ranging from 500 to 2000 <italic>μ</italic>g/l), quantity of adsorbent introduced (ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 g per 250 ml), temperature variations (ranging from 20 to 40 °C), and airflow velocity (ranging from 200 to 300 ml/min), was systematically examined. For the optimization of adsorption efficiency, MINITAB 18 software was employed. The equilibrium data was subjected to analysis using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. Employing the framework recommended by MINITAB 18, the optimal parameters for adsorption were identified as 2000 <italic>μ</italic>g/l for initial concentration, 90 minutes for contact time, 40 °C for temperature, and 300 ml/min for airflow rate. The Langmuir equation yielded the highest adsorption capacity, measuring 750 <italic>μ</italic>g/g at a temperature of 40 °C.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00192024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0021<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>To alleviate the metal corrosion problem caused by incomplete acid discharge during pickling or acidification, a corrosion inhibitor, long chain fatty hydrazides (LCFH), with a significant corrosion inhibition effect was synthesized from natural grease. The corrosion inhibition and adsorption properties of LCFH on carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution were studied by static sample weight loss test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization curve. The results showed that LCFH exhibits excellent corrosion inhibition performance in HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of inhibitor concentration. When the concentration of LCFH is 40 mg/L, the inhibition efficiency can reach 97.9%. The potentiodynamic polarization curve shows that LCFH is a corrosion inhibitor that mainly inhibits the cathodic reaction. The corrosion inhibitor is spontaneously adsorbed on the surface of low-carbon steel in physical form, which conforms to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00212024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0015<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study focused on investigating the heat transfer and flow dynamics of a catalyst granule within a pilot calciner, employing both numerical modeling and computational fluid dynamics. The research comprised two primary components: (1) Simulation of the gas flow within the pilot calciner using the Eulerian–Eulerian approach, treating gases and catalyst particles as distinct phases – gas and granular. The model, encapsulating both heat transfer and flow processes, was developed in Fluent software version 16.0. Its accuracy was confirmed against empirical data from a pilot-scale calciner unit. (2) Subsequent to validation, the model was utilized to examine the distribution characteristics within the flow field, including the temperature profiles of gas and particles, the vector velocity field of the gas across different phases, and the overall heat transfer coefficient. This investigation aims to enhance the understanding of the complex heat transfer and flow dynamics in calciners, facilitating the optimization of operational parameters, performance, and structure of pilot-scale equipment. Furthermore, it provides foundational data pertinent to the future exploration of real-world industrial applications.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00152024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In this study, HCl and H₂SO₄ were used to compare the best conditions for producing glucosamine from the dry chitin of shrimp shells. The results showed that for HCl hydrolysis, the most favored conditions were 12 M, 80 °C, 2 hours, and a chitin-to-acid volume ratio of 1:20, whereas, for H₂SO₄ hydrolysis, the most favored conditions were 6 M, 90 °C, 5 hours, and a chitin to acid volume ratio of 1:20. HCl produced pured glucosamine with a higher yield than H₂SO₄. Additionally, our findings indicated that glucosamine could be detected using a UV detector with a weak signal, whereas we recommended using an RI detector for a comparably stronger signal. Our production maximum yield of 283.9 ± 13.8 mg Gln g⁻¹ chitin from HCl hydrolysis was comparable to that of other studies, with a comparison between using HCl and H₂SO₄ being highlighted.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00122024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0020<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>As one single membrane material could not fulfill the requests of chemical stability, mechanical strength, and resistance to pollution in practical applications. Modifications of the membrane to improve its separation performance were of great significance. In this study, UV irradiation grafting modification was employed and butyl acrylate was selected as a modification monomer for polyimide membrane to improve its lipophilicity and separation efficiency in lubricant solvent recovery. And effects of monomer concentration, irradiation distance, and grafting time on the grafting results and separation properties of modified polyimide membranes were investigated. The results exhibited that modified polyimide membranes obtained an enhanced lubricant retention rate compared with raw membranes, which increased from 66.5% to 93.1%. The industrial test for 40 days proved the great stability of modified polyimide membranes. Overall, this work confirmed the good industrial utilization potential of modified polyimide membranes and offered an effective way for lubricant solvent recovery.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00202024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-0018<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study aims to optimize an economic procedure to produce biogas and bio-ethanol from different organic wastes such as sewage sludge (SS) and/or cattle dung (CD) and/or poultry manure (PM). The experiment was carried out at a wastewater treatment plant in Egypt. Each waste type was mixed with the starter, CaCO₃, and water then loaded in a fermenter and kept for 35 days at 35 °C under the anaerobic digestion. The evolved volume of the biogas and the content of methane CH4 were measured daily while the cellulase and protease enzymes were tested every four days. Results have indicated that the digester containing the SS has produced the greatest biogas volume (L) 27.45 L_b/D/d (liters biogas/digester/day), 0.61 L_b/D contents’ volume/d, and cumulative 606.30 L_b/D during the 16^th day. Significant CH₄ volume percentages produced during the 17^th day were 72.07, 71.16, and 71.11% while the produced bio-ethanol alcohol was 2.47, 2.32, and 1.99% from the SS, CD, and PM, respectively. The procedure efficiency is prominent by the production of the biogases and <italic>in-situ</italic> activating enzymes all in one reactor that was periodically monitored for its reactants and product content. No need for the pre-treatment of wastes as raw materials or chemical additives and the fermented residue can be further tested for soil fertilization. These wastes can be promising for bio-energy production being economic and environment friendly.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjct-2024-00182024-07-12T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1