rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Romanian Journal of Rhinologyhttps://sciendo.com/journal/RJRhttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647367ca4e662f30ba53cec2/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/RJR140216https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0023ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00232024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0026<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>OBJECTIVE.</bold> It is aimed to reveal the frequency of histopathological diagnosis in ENT diseases during the COVID-19 period and whether it is different from diagnoses in other periods.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> The files of 1442 patients diagnosed with pathological material in the ENT clinic between 2017 and 2022 were retrospectively scanned. Two groups were created: the 1st group of patients between 2017-2019 (non-COVID-19 period) (Group 1) and the 2nd group of patients between 2020-2022 (COVID-19 period) (Group 2).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> Pathological samples were sent from 1163 patients in Group 1 and from 279 patients in Group 2. Of 1442 patients, 815 were male and 627 were female, and the mean age was 25 (3-94 years). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in terms of gender (p=0.756). The most common histopathological diagnoses in both periods were chronic tonsillitis lymphoid hyperplasia (bilateral tonsillectomy + adenoidectomy) (19.5%), chronic inflammation lymphoid hyperplasia (adenoidectomy) (19.3%) and nasal polyp (19.2%). The incidence of malignant tumors was found to be 1.4% in Group 1 and 2.8% in Group 2. The incidence of benign tumors was found to be 7.6% in Group 1 and 12.8% in Group 2. In terms of frequency, the ratio of malignant and benign tumors was higher in Group 2.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> The number of patients with histopathological diagnoses decreased due to the decrease in hospitalizations during the COVID-19 period. Delayed diagnosis in malignant pathologies significantly worsens the prognosis. All these results show that new cancer diagnostic strategies are needed for epidemic diseases such as COVID-19.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00262024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0028<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Digital technologies represent new alternatives in prosthetic rehabilitation of all kinds of maxillary or mandibular spans. This article is composed of two parts, in which different technological aspects will be presented regarding the prosthetic restoration of frontal maxillary areas using the CAD-CAM technology, but using different material for resistance framework, both veneered with ceramic materials to restore the aesthetics. The main materials that will be used are: Co-Cr dental alloy and zirconium dioxide (zirconia).</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00282024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0029<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Foreign bodies of paranasal sinuses are very rare in ENT clinical practice.</p> <p><bold>CASE REPORT.</bold> We will discuss the case of a 38-year-old gentleman who showed up at our Emergency Room with loss of vision in his left eye following a blast injury. The initial physical examination identified a ruptured globe in the left eye, which caused left-eye blindness. An immediate plain X-ray revealed a metallic object lodged in the left maxillary sinus, reaching up to the left sphenoid sinus. The external approach was used to manage the patient surgically, with no intra- or postoperative complications.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> Inadequate managing of foreign bodies in the paranasal sinuses might result in significant morbidity. They must be removed surgically, either endoscopically or via an external method.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00292024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0027<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disease in developed countries. PAP (Positive Airway Pressure) therapy is the most commonly used treatment modality, particularly in moderate to severe OSAS patients. However, several side effects make PAP treatment challenging to tolerate. This study examined the acute effects of PAP treatment on nasal functions.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> This study included 32 patients who were diagnosed with severe OSAS following a PSG test and started PAP treatment. Symptom analysis was carried out with the SNOT-20 questionnaire; nasal physiological analysis was carried out with rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry tests performed before and after PAP treatment for one night and for one month. A saccharin test was carried out to assess the nasal mucociliary clearance before and after the treatment.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> A statistically significant difference between nasal symptom scores (p=0.003) and sleep quality (p=0.006) was observed in SNOT-20 questionnaire results. Total nasal resistance was significantly increased after one night’s sleep with PAP and after a one-month treatment with PAP. It was found that there was a statistically significant relation between the total nasal resistance value and PAP pressure.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> This study shows that PAP treatment increases nasal congestion after one night of treatment and after one month of treatment with a cumulative effect. PAP therapy positively affects sleeping quality and life quality, while negatively affecting nasal functions in the acute period.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00272024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Dysphonia is a frequent symptom in paediatric patients and it has a prevalence between 6 - 24%. In young patients, dysphonia has a direct importance because it impairs their communicative behaviour, their psychological status and also their social life.</p> <p>The most diagnosed voice pathologies in children are vocal nodules followed by vocal cord cysts, infectious and inflammatory causes, sulcus vocalis, laryngeal membranes, iatrogenic vocal cord paralysis, neurological causes, psychogenic factors, traumatic or irritative factors or, less commonly, laryngeal neoplasms.</p> <p>A correct diagnosis of dysphonia in paediatric patients is important for learning, voice training and their psychological development. Children with dysphonia have to be assessed with adequate equipment. It is recommended to use tools that are appropriate to the tolerance and cooperation of the patients and allow to have a good visualization of the vocal folds. Suitable preventive methods, early diagnosis, appropriate treatment of voice disorders should be taken into consideration in these cases.</p> <p>In this article, some of the most frequent causes of dysphonia in paediatric patients and their treatment options in order to achieve a proper voice are reviewed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00252024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0024<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Aerosol drug administration has a long history as an important part of the treatment for different respiratory disorders in both adult and paediatric patients. The nebulization process permits the drug delivery directly to the upper and lower airways tracts, allowing increased local effectiveness, and avoids systemic side effects. The aerosol therapy is mainly used in pneumology for lower respiratory tract disorders, a series of drugs having a proven efficacy. Few publications present the efficacy and safety of ENT nebulization, despite its worldwide utilization.</p> <p>Topical drug delivery to the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses via aerosols appears to be an interesting, but also a challenging alternative. The transport and deposition of drugs and aerosol particles into the sinuses is debatable due to several factors: sinuses are poorly perfused and virtually non-ventilated cavities; they are protected by the efficient particle filtration function of the nasal cavities. The review evaluates the efficacy and safety of aerosol therapy in rhinologic pathology.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00242024-11-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0021<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Angiosarcoma is a neoplastic tumor that originates from endothelial cells, accounting for less than 2% of all sarcomas. The sinonasal localization of angiosarcoma is uncommon. It is a highly aggressive tumor with an increased risk of local recurrence.</p> <p><bold>CASE REPORT.</bold> We present the case of a 24-year-old male patient with 1 month of left side epistaxis, left nasal obstruction, headache and left hemifacial paresthesia. The CT scan of the skull and paranasal sinuses performed with intravenous contrast showed a macronodular heterogenous tissue lesion, partially hyperdense spontaneously, iodophilic, with multiple vascular trajectories apparently of the arterial type, localised in the left maxillary sinus and ipsilateral nasal cavity. The first result from histopathological examination concluded for sinonasal angiofibroma with no signs of malignancy. Even if a wide resection was performed by external and endoscopic approach, a quite quick local recurrence appeared. After the second surgical resection of the tumor, the histopathological examination correlated with immunohistochemical tests and the clinical-imaging aspect concluded on sinonasal angiosarcoma. The proper treatment was delayed because of the histopathological examination misinterpretation.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> A thorough histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry have an important role for an adequate diagnosis of sinonasal angiosarcoma.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00212024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0022<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Digital planning and 3D printing have seen a significant impact in personalised presurgical planning in ENT pathology. However, segmentation and 3D printing of the cranium and especially the sinuses in ENT sinonasal pathologies are still fraught with challenges. This article will provide a comprehensive analysis, from segmentation to 3D printing, to provide insights into the future directions of 3D printing in sinonasal pathology and its implications for patient care.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00222024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0016ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00162024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0017<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>OBJECTIVES.</bold> In this paper, we reviewed cough and herbal therapies.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> Research methods included searching online databases such as Google, Google Scholar, ProQuest Central, and PubMed at Kirikkale University. We used terms like “cough”, “herbal”, “reflex”, “Primula veris”, “Primula elatior”, “Thymus vulgaris”, “Althea Officinalis”, and “Mentha piperita” to find related articles.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> Coughing is a reflex that serves a legitimate physiological purpose by expelling fluids and debris from the lungs. Herbal teas and preparations with antioxidant and expectorant properties are made from medicinal herbs like Primula veris and Primula elatior. The phenolic monoterpene thymol, one of the primary components of thyme oil, is found primarily in thyme plants. Both thymol and thyme essential oil have lengthy histories of usage in conventional medicine, particularly for their upper respiratory system-targeted expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties. Historically, people have turned to the plant Althaea officinalis for help with treating respiratory issues, like cough. Officinalis extracts alone for dry cough therapy, while A. officinalis was more effective when combined with Zataria multiflora, Zingiber officinale, or Helix hedera. Furthermore, all types of coughs benefited from officinalis. One of the most popular types of herbal tea, known as a tisane, is peppermint, or Mentha piperita. Peppermint essential oil and tea made from the plant’s leaves have long histories of usage in alternative medicine. Some studies have found that peppermint may have antiallergenic properties in addition to its antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> Cough is a persistent symptom of many acute and chronic illnesses. Primula veris, Thymus vulgaris, Althaea Officinalis, and Mentha piperita are some herbs used to treat cough. Cough patients can supplement their standard medical care with herbal remedies that contain these compounds.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00172024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0020<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>OBJECTIVES.</bold> We investigated whether there were atrophic changes in grey matter (pons, midbrain, and thalamus) in migraine patients. Vertebral artery diameters were also evaluated.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> The cranial MRI images of 49 adult migraine-diagnosed patients and 49 adult subjects with normal cranial MRI results were included in the study. In both groups, pons, midbrain, and thalamus volumes, as well as vertebral artery diameters were measured.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> There were no significant differences between pons, midbrain, bilateral thalamus volumes and vertebral artery diameters of the migraine and control groups (p&gt;0.05). In the right-sided migraine group, the right thalamus volume was significantly lower than the contralateral side (p&lt;0.05). In the left-sided migraine group, the left thalamus volume was non-significantly lower than the contra-lateral side (p&gt;0.05). In the right-sided and left-sided migraine groups, left vertebral artery diameters were significantly higher than those on the right side (p&lt;0.05). In older migraine patients, pons and midbrain volumes decreased (p&lt;0.05). In longer migraine duration, pons volume decreased (p&lt;0.05). In aura-present migraine patients, right vertebral artery diameters decreased (p&lt;0.05).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> We concluded that migraine is related to grey matter atrophy in terms of thalamus atrophy on the migraine side. Pons atrophy in longer migraine, and pons and midbrain atrophy in older migraine patients were also detected. Therefore, during the follow-up of the migraine patients, grey matter atrophy should be examined by MRI, and treatment to prevent migraine attacks should be planned.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00202024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0019<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Antrochoanal polyps (ACP) were originally reported by Gustav Killian in 1906. Antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) are benign polypoid lesions that begin in the maxillary antrum and extend into the choana. Although there have been recorded occurrences of bilateral ACPs in the literature, ACPs are mostly unilateral. They typically have an impact on youth and youngsters.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> In a trial of 15 cases treated and admitted to our ENT Pediatric Department at the Emergency County Hospital Timisoara over the previous four years, the pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, positive and differential diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, pathology, and treatment of ACPs were reviewed in this study.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> The patients age group comprised five females (33.33%) and ten boys (66.67%), ranging in age from 7 to 16 years. The most common presenting symptoms were unilateral nasal obstruction (100%), purulent rhinorrhea (66.67%), olfactory impairment (53.33%), and mouth breathing (46.67%). A nasal endoscopy and a craniofacial CT scan were the gold standards for diagnosing ACP. The chosen course of treatment for all pediatric patients included in the study was surgery: 12 patients (80%) underwent transnasal endoscopic polypectomy, and 3 patients (20%) underwent both transnasal polypectomy and transcanine fossa approach. The success rate of the combined endoscopic and transcanine fossa approach was 100%, whereas the transnasal endoscopic surgery (polypectomy) had an 80% success rate.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> Polypectomy combined with a transcanine fossa approach technique and transnasal polypectomy is the optimal course of treatment.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00192024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0018<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>OBJECTIVES.</bold> Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a condition that involves the non-cancerous growth of the inner part of the frontal bone. We investigated diffuse HFI in cranial CT in terms of bone thickness and density.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> The cranial CT images of 154 adult patients with diffuse HFI and 151 adult patients without HFI were included in the study. Bone thickness measurements were performed at vertex, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus levels in the midline, right and left lateral parts. Density measurements were also performed in the same areas. In the HFI group, measurements were performed at the HFI and non-HFI regions. In the control group, density measurements were also performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> HFI was detected more in females (96.1%). In diffuse HFI patients, bone thickness values increased at the vertex, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus levels (p&lt;0.05). Bone densities of the HFI parts increased at vertex and frontal tuberosity levels (p&lt;0.05). In the HFI group, there were positive correlations between bone thicknesses (p&lt;0.05). As bone thicknesses increased, bone density values decreased (p&lt;0.05). In older patients, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus bone densities decreased (p&lt;0.05).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> HFI may be one of the reasons for headaches in females. In the future, it would be better to investigate the relationship between HFI and headaches. The physicians should notice that increased bone thickness may be the sign of the HFI and they should consult with the Radiology Department. When HFI is detected, an endocrinological assessments will also be performed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00182024-07-25T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0009ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00092024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0010<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has revolutionized the treatment of nasal and paranasal sinus conditions, offering minimally invasive techniques with improved patient outcomes. However, ESS can be challenging, lengthy, and physically demanding. This article presents a comprehensive overview of factors to consider before and during ESS to enhance surgical ease and patient comfort.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> The paper is a literature review sustaining a point of view on the factors influencing the outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> Preoperative considerations encompass a thorough assessment of surgical indications, weighing against medical alternatives as per guidelines. Attention to patient comorbidities, medication management and infection control are paramount. Intraoperatively, collaboration with anesthesiologists is crucial for optimizing patient stability and minimizing complications. Ergonomic considerations, patient positioning and surgical environment optimization contribute to surgeon comfort and procedural efficiency. The surgical procedure entails meticulous preparation of the nasal cavity, preservation of anatomical structures, and adherence to standardized techniques. The sphenoethmoidectomy is described as a sequential five-door procedure, emphasizing anatomical landmarks and meticulous dissection techniques. Hemostasis and the judicious use of powered shavers play pivotal roles in minimizing bleeding and optimizing tissue removal. Navigation systems offer additional support, particularly in complex cases or revision surgeries.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> ESS requires meticulous planning, technical proficiency, and interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize outcomes. Anticipation and adherence to standardized protocols are paramount in navigating the challenges of ESS, ultimately enhancing surgical ease and patient comfort.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00102024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0011<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Children’s communication with the family and the environmental surroundings begins immediately after birth and development continues throughout life. Impairment of hearing due to the presence of congenital hypoacusis results in severe language development disorders. The purpose of the study was to identify the main factors involved in the auditory-verbal rehabilitation process of children with hearing impairment.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> A descriptive, observational study was conducted on a group of 35 carers of hearing-impaired children proposed for auditory-verbal rehabilitation through cochlear implantation. The study carried out was based on the parents’ statements, analyzing the essential factors that can influence the quality of life of parents with hearing-impaired children: the child’s age at the time of the positive diagnosis, the child’s communication skills before implantation, the time elapsed from the intervention to implant activation, participation in auditory-verbal rehabilitation sessions with a speech therapist, parental commitment during the immediate pre- and post-implant period, the parent’s level of education.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> The dominance of the female gender can be noted - 91.43%. 60% of adult participants were college graduates, 20% discontinued their education after completing high school, 17.14% graduated from a post-secondary school. 57.14% of the parents reported being employed in some form of work during the period before and immediately after the cochlear implantation of their children. 82.85% reported the diagnosis of their child’s hypoacusis in the pre-kindergarten group. Out of the total number of children, 68.57% were recipients of bilateral cochlear implants, 31.43% had unilateral implants. The periods during which children benefited from post-implantation speech therapy were between 1 and 6 months (5.71%), 1 and 2 years (2.86%), &gt;2 years (17.14%). In 71.43% of cases, families were in the rehabilitation phase with speech therapy at the time of filling out the form.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> In the auditory-verbal rehabilitation process of a hearing-impaired child, there are a number of factors and conditions that must be considered in a specific manner for each individual patient.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00112024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Extramedullary plasmacytoma is an extremely rare solitary plasma cell neoplasm that occurs in locations other than bone, without involving the bone marrow. It is commonly located in the upper aerodigestive tract. In the head and neck region, the most frequent location is the sinonasal region.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> A systemic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines was done with research works in PubMed, Elsevier database, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Scopus, Crossref and Google Scholar. The search was carried out using the keywords “plasmacytoma and nose”, “extramedullary plasmacytoma”, “extramedullary plasmacytoma of nose”, “plasmacytoma and nasal cavity”, and “extramedullary plasmacytoma of nasal cavity”.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> We analysed 27 research works with a total number of 32 cases. The most common presenting symptoms were nasal cavity bleeding. The disease showed a male preponderance (78.1%). Bone erosion was seen in 7 cases. The histopathological examination showed plasma cells arranged predominantly as a uniform population or sheet-like appearance. A common immunohistochemical marker was CD138 (11 cases). Treatment was primarily radiotherapy (43.7%). We are also reporting a case of a 53-year-old male with plasmacytoma of the middle turbinate managed by wide resection and postoperative radiotherapy.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> Though a less common condition, in a case of polypoidal-like lesion with bleeding tendency, the clinician should keep in mind the possibility of extramedullary plasmacytoma. The diagnosis is made with histopathological examination and immunohisto-chemistry of the tissue involved. Treatment can be radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of modalities.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00122024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0013<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><bold>BACKGROUND.</bold> Patients were likely hesitant to communicate with physicians during the pandemic, when everyone saw others as potentially infectious. Every other was seen as the most likely to be infected as they were in close contact with infected persons. Likewise, physicians might have been wary of communicating with their patients, who might have been virus carriers. In our study, the communication between physicians (particularly pulmonologists) and geriatric patients was evaluated to develop recommendations for improvement if necessary.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS.</bold> The study was conducted as an online evaluation questionnaire via e-mail or WhatsApp. The evaluation form, the Social Communication Skills Rating Scale, collected data regarding the respondents’ demographic characteristics, whose reliability and validity have been proven in previous studies. The volunteer pulmonologists completed the questionnaire.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS.</bold> The research comprised 200 doctors; 111 (55.5%) were women and 89 (44.5%) were men. Of the doctors who participated in the study, over 40% were in their forties. Pulmonologists’ communication skills with their geriatric patients were deemed adequate, and their interactions were evaluated as successful, despite the high risk of infection during the pandemic, the difficulty of examining patients while wearing protective clothing, and the typical communication difficulties of geriatric patients. This has been a crucial advantage for the senior patient group, as, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, this group has communicated with pulmonologists predominantly owing to medical needs.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> The pulmonologists’ effective communication with their geriatric patients could have made them feel good during the difficult time of the past pandemic period. It could have also been a source of pride for physicians.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00132024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-0015<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In this material, two clinical cases are described, regarding the use of CAD-CAM technology for producing the wax pattern of the metal substructure for a fixed prosthetic restoration. In fact, in these cases, it is about making a digital design and milling from a block of wax the patterns of future fixed metal-ceramic prosthetic restorations.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rjr-2024-00152024-04-29T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1