rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Researchhttps://sciendo.com/journal/CTTRhttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471ac49215d2f6c89daca0b/cover-image.jpghttps://sciendo.com/journal/CTTR140216https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0007<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>The nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) of non-combustible tobacco and nicotine products, including e-cigarettes, have been extensively studied, with lower or similar nicotine exposure reported for most products compared with combustible cigarettes (CC). We conducted two clinical studies to evaluate nicotine PK and assess nicotine consumption when using two types of e-cigarettes with different flavor variants in U.S. healthy adults who smoke, under similar study protocols.</p> <p>Study 1 was a randomized, 6-period crossover study conducted in healthy adults who smoke. The primary objective was to evaluate nicotine PK following use of a cig-a-like e-cigarette (eDNC1.0a) with three flavor variants, subjects’ own brand of CC, a nicotine gum, and a reference e-cigarette. Study 2 was a randomized, 7-period crossover study conducted in healthy adults who smoke. The primary objective was to evaluate nicotine PK following use of a closed-tank e-cigarette (eDNC2.0a) with four flavor variants, subjects’ own brand of CC, a nicotine inhaler, and a reference e-cigarette.</p> <p>In summary, the results of the present studies indicate that nicotine exposure from eDNC1.0a with three flavor variants and eDNC2.0a with four flavor variants was less than that from subjects’ own brand of CC, similar to or less than that from reference e-cigarettes, but similar to or greater than that from pharmaceutical nicotine replacement products. It was observed that the nicotine consumption, estimated based on e-liquid consumption, was generally directly proportional to the level of nicotine exposure as indicated by nicotine PK parameter measurements in each study. Furthermore, linear relationships were found between estimated nicotine consumption and plasma nicotine PK parameters following e-cigarette use. Our findings suggest that mixed effects modelling can be used as a noninvasive method to provide insights of nicotine PK parameters (AUC and C_max) from e-liquid nicotine consumption data.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00072024-08-21T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0005<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>This study describes the dissolution release profiles of nicotine and flavor markers from three loose moist smoke-less tobacco (MST) products, same brand, each made with a distinct flavor. The US Pharmacopeia flow-through cell dissolution apparatus 4 (USP-4) was employed, following a previously published method that was validated to study the nicotine release from MST products. Herein, we expanded the scope of the analytical method by incorporating three flavor markers including methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate, and glycyrrhizic acid to provide an understanding of the dissolution release profiles of not only nicotine but also of flavor markers. The dissolution release profiles of nicotine were found to be equivalent across all three tobacco products. In contrast, the release profiles of the studied flavor markers exhibited distinct differences, primarily influenced by their chemical properties, particularly polarity. Notably, glycyrrhizic acid demonstrated the most rapid release rate, while ethyl salicylate exhibited the slowest release rate. This study serves as a valuable resource for researchers, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies involved in the evaluation of MST products attributes and performance.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00052024-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0006<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Cigarette draw resistance and filter pressure drop are both critical physical indicators for the tobacco industry, which use testing equipment to measure the two parameters. Pressure drop standards are used as transfer standards to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the testing equipment. Pressure drop standards are generally cylindrical rods having a certain number of parallel capillaries. To address the issue of how to design and fabricate pressure drop standards quickly and conveniently, this paper proposes a design method for pressure drop standards based on structural parameters. The method uses a mathematical model of the internal airflow of the standard including the entrance effect into a circular capillary and uses an iterative calculation algorithm accordingly. By iterative calculation, the structural parameters of the pressure drop standard, namely, diameter and length of the capillaries, were obtained, along with the relationship between the draw resistance of the standard and the flow rate in each capillary. The accuracy of the mathematical model was validated by comparing and analyzing the experimental and theoretical draw resistance of standards with different structural parameters. The experimental results showed that the relative error between the measured draw resistance and the calculated draw resistance was below 8%, which proves the reliability and validity of the mathematical model, and provides theoretical support for the design and fabrication of pressure drop standards.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00062024-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>With the improvement of irrigation and transportation infrastructures, single tobacco cultivation has been converted into tobacco–vegetable double cultivation in Yunnan Province. High residual nitrogen (N) levels in soil before tobacco transplanting induced by the excessive N input during the vegetable cultivation season resulted in a reduction of economic income and the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the optimization of N management and to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of optimal N application rate on the economic benefit and quality of tobacco. A field experiment with six N application rates (0, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 kg N ha⁻¹) was carried out with a randomized block design in 2021 and 2022 in Yunnan Province. The economic value and yield, intrinsic chemical and processing quality, leaf growth rate and agronomic characters were determined.</p> <p>Compared with the currently recommended 105 kg N ha⁻¹ rate, 75 kg N ha⁻¹ significantly increased the total economic value and superior tobacco yields, improved the integrated grade of chemical compounds and resulted in leaf midrib proportions in an appropriate range. The total economic value positively correlated with the superior tobacco leaf yields (R² = 0.91, p &lt; 0.001), while not with medium and inferior leaf yield. The daily leaf growth rate in prosperous growth stage significantly correlated with the yield of superior tobacco and reached its maximum at a N rate of 75 kg N ha⁻¹. The sum of N application rate and soil residual N before transplanting correlated with the total economic value (R² = 0.66, p &lt; 0.05) and superior leaf yield (R² = 0.64, p &lt; 0.05), respectively. Based on the amount of soil residual N before transplanting, the optimal N application rate was 66 kg N ha⁻¹ which was 39 kg N ha⁻¹ lower than the currently recommended N rate (105 kg N ha⁻¹). Our results highlighted that the technical consultants and farmers should adjust the N application rate appropriately according to the residual N amount before transplanting and optimize the water and fertilizer management especially in the prosperous growth stage. An optimized N rate is not only of economic benefit and the improvement of quality of tobacco cultivation, but also environment friendly.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00032024-06-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Tobacco smoke consists of over 5000 chemical components, most of them are carcinogenic, respiratory toxicants, cardiovascular toxicants, addictive, etc. In 2006 the Working Group on Tobacco Control identified substances in tobacco smoke, which are harmful and potentially harmful for human health (Priority List) and encouraged the development of methods for the analysis of these components. This review focuses on the different methods of evaluation of harmful and potentially harmful components in tobacco smoke used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and furthermore on the official methods proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Cooperation Center for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) for analysing these constituents. The various methods for the determination of the substances in tobacco smoke included in the Priority List are compared. In addition, the different evaluation of components from the Priority List is presented. The authors hope that this review will acquaint readers with the harmful components in tobacco smoke. Also, that it will help accredited or scientific laboratories to compare the different methods and to choose appropriate methods depending on their laboratory equipment and laboratory chemicals available.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00022024-06-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0004<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>The compositions of waterpipe tobaccos available for retail sale on the US market are relatively unknown compared with more popular products such as cigarettes. Indeed, the phrase “waterpipe tobaccos” is used only in some governmental regulations and in journal articles dealing with regulatory aspects of those products. Commercially, the terms “shisha”, “hookah tobaccos”, and “flavored tobaccos” are used. In addition to the differences in commercial terminology, there is also confusion about the composition of such tobaccos, with the term “waterpipe tobacco” also being applied to products on the market that do not contain enough glycerol to prevent combustion during use. Therefore, during the past several years, 40 samples of shisha products on the US market were sent to an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in addition to the usual tobacco analytes and water using the Karl Fischer method. Moreover, two surrogate samples of shisha tobacco, one based on flue-cured tobacco and the other based on dark air-cured tobacco, were analyzed by the same laboratory along with samples of the starting tobaccos. The main finding from these analyses was that there were two very different types of shisha tobaccos on the market. One type was based on dark air-cured tobacco and the other type was based on flue-cured tobacco. Among the brand-styles based on flue-cured tobacco, some had higher levels of glycerol and lower levels of added sugars than others that had higher added sugars and lower levels of glycerol. Another important point of differentiation was that the products based on dark air-cured tobacco had much smaller tobacco particle sizes than did those based on flue-cured tobacco. The results of this research as well as other research that will be presented in two subsequent reports showed that waterpipe tobaccos cannot be considered as a single product category. This is particularly true for the determination of emissions using the instrumentation specified in ISO 22486:2019 (Water pipe tobacco smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions).</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00042024-06-09T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-0001<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title> <p>Next generation of nicotine/tobacco products (NGPs) include electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral nicotine pouches (NPs) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products (in particular snus). These products commonly contain nicotine and are intended to replace combustible cigarettes (CCs) and thus can be regarded as tobacco harm reduction products. To fulfill this role, it is essential that nicotine, which has well established addictive properties, is not causally related to health risks upon chronic use.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Objectives</title> <p>The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific literature to answer the question, whether nicotine is involved in the development of any diseases or disorders associated with the acute, short, mid- and long-term use of NGPs. Appropriate results from studies with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products (gum, patches, inhalers, lozenges) are included as reference basis for inferring the health effects of NGPs. Furthermore, suggestions for filling identified gaps and for avoiding or minimizing limitations and weaknesses in study design are provided.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title> <p>Literature databases such as MEDLINE, Google Scholar and an in-house ABF library (containing about 180,000 articles) were searched for relevant articles. Furthermore, pertinent monographs (such as the US Surgeon General Reports) and recent reviews were screened for further publications. Inclusion criteria were: all human studies investigating the association between use (preferably chronic use) of the nicotine/tobacco products mentioned above and health effects, including diseases, disorders, changes in biomarkers of biological effect (BOBEs). <italic>In vivo</italic> (animal) and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies were also considered, provided effects of NGPs in the presence and absence of nicotine or in relation to the nicotine exposure dose were reported. Also, reference lists of recent suitable articles were screened. In total, about 500 articles were retrieved by this approach. The role of nicotine was evaluated by considering the article authors’ statements and their cited references as well as by own judgement of reported results. Human studies are presented in a standardized table format.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title> <p>In total, 183 human studies were evaluated, with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) ranking highest (N = 75 studies), followed by respiratory diseases (43), oral health disorders (23), cancer (10), metabolic syndrome (7), reproduction disorders (5) and several other diseases (&lt; 5). The majority of studies do not provide evidence for a participation of nicotine in the pathogenesis. Some (weak) evidence was found that nicotine might be involved in some CVD-related effects and metabolic syndrome. This would be also supported by results from animal and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Discussion</title> <p>Human studies showed some severe limitations and weaknesses with respect to the study design and time of availability of NGPs on the market. A severe flaw is the insufficient consideration of dual use (NGP + CC), particularly in studies on chronic use, which could have led to erroneously increased risks for NGPs with direct consequences also for the role of nicotine. Additionally, prior effects from using CC have an impact. Both circumstances could have led to inaccurate conclusions in terms of elevated risk levels, which require changes in method designs. Suggestions for methodological improvements are provided for future studies.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title> <p>A final evaluation of the role of nicotine in disease development in NGP users is currently not possible because use durations are too short. Chronic studies often suffer from insufficient separation between NGP only and dual use together with CCs, which may falsely increase the observed health risk. There is some limited evidence that nicotine may be involved in CVD-related effects, which, however, has to be verified in well controlled long-term studies. The potential involvement of nicotine in other patho-mechanisms also requires further research.</p> </sec> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2024-00012024-04-05T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0018<abstract> <title style='display:none'>SUMMARY</title> <p>Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a recent category of tobacco products, with their relative safety compared to cigarette smoking and potential to help smokers to quit being two reasons why regulators may consider their market approval. Designed to heat tobacco rather than to burn in order to produce aerosol, different heating techniques are applied to commercial HTPs, which may result in differing aerosol formation. Therefore, each product requires separate assessment. This work focuses on a closed-end HTP (coded as HTP-A), which is electrically heated and designed to allow puffing air flow to bypass its tobacco section, resulting in reduced oxygen concentration within the tobacco section during heating and aerosol forming. To provide a preliminary aerosol chemistry and <italic>in vitro</italic> toxicological screening, this study assessed HTP-A against a commercial electrically heated HTP (IQOS^TM, coded as HTP-B) and a 3R4F reference cigarette. Under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, the levels of 9 regulatory priority toxicants in the aerosol of HTP-A were either reduced or comparable to those in HTP-B on a per-stick basis. Additionally, both HTPs showed significant reduction (greater than 90%) in comparison to those measured in mainstream smoke of 3R4F cigarette for these toxicants. Using a set of standard <italic>in vitro</italic> toxicological assays (Ames, Micronucleus and Neutral Red Uptake), the two HTPs showed no observable responses while significant toxicity responses were recorded for 3R4F’s total particulate matter. Based on these preliminary results, the novel closed-end HTP-A design may provide similar toxicological profiles to the comparator HTP-B. Further toxicological and clinical assessments are warranted to evaluate HTP-A’s potential for exposure or disease risk reduction. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 146–156]</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00182023-12-16T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0015ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00152023-12-16T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0017<abstract> <title style='display:none'>SUMMARY</title> <p>The airtightness of heated tobacco product (HTP) packs is a very important indicator for the product quality and is also of great importance during the conditioning process. A method for evaluation of the airtightness was developed based on the air pressure difference in a constant pumping configuration. The essential feature of this method is that the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the HTP packs during the deflation process is used to characterize the sealing quality of HTP packs. The detailed setup, the principle as well as the determination procedure are described. The accuracy and the repeatability of the method were assessed, and the effect of airtightness on the conditioning process was also investigated. The developed method is proven to be reliable with a standard deviation less than 0.09 kPa and repeatability less than 0.30 kPa. In addition, it was found that, although the transmission of moisture between HTPs and atmosphere could not be entirely prevented by the packs, airtightness still plays a significant role during the conditioning process, especially if the airtightness was at a relatively low level (e.g., lower than 1.5 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min). The method provides a promising way to assess and monitor the sealing quality of HTP packs, and it is suggested that the airtightness of the pack should not be lower than 2 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 140–145]</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00172023-12-16T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0014ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00142023-12-16T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0016<abstract> <title style='display:none'>SUMMARY</title> <sec> <title style='display:none'>Background</title> <p>In recent years several nicotine products have been introduced that aim to offer smokers an alternative to cigarettes. As well as having fewer toxicants than combustible cigarettes, such nicotine products must be able to deliver nicotine efficiently. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption from nine oral tobacco-free smokeless nicotine pouches with varying nicotine content and flavours.</p> </sec> <sec> <title style='display:none'>Methods</title> <p>In a randomised, open-labelled, controlled, crossover clinical study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and product-liking were compared between nine nicotine pouches (<italic>Velo</italic>, BAT; 4- or 7-mg nicotine per pouch and in eight flavours). During a 10-day confinement period, 42 healthy adult participants, who were current smokers of combustible cigarettes, used a single study product once each day during a 45-min use period following overnight nicotine abstinence.</p> </sec> <sec> <title style='display:none'>Results</title> <p>Maximum plasma nicotine concentration and area under curve for nicotine concentration <italic>versus</italic> time 180 min after the start of study product use were significantly greater for the 7-mg than for the 4-mg <italic>Velo</italic> pouches <italic>(p</italic> &lt; 0.0001). These values did not differ between flavours among the 7-mg <italic>Velo</italic> nicotine pouches after adjustment for multiple comparisons (both <italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.003). The median time to maximum plasma nicotine concentrations and mean product-liking scores were similar regardless of nicotine content and flavour.</p> </sec> <sec> <title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title> <p>Regardless of flavour, nicotine pouches with the same nicotine content and formulation produce similar pharmacokinetic parameters and can deliver nicotine efficiently. Nicotine pouches could be a satisfying alternative for smokers switching from conventional cigarettes. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 130–139]</p> </sec> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00162023-12-16T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2022-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Commercial cigarettes were analyzed for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco and smoke to investigate temporal product variability independent of analytical variability over one week, one year, and three years. Cigarettes from the worldwide market with various design features were collected over a 3-year period, stored, and tested concurrently for HPHCs to minimize analytical variability; repeat testing of reference cigarette 3R4F was included as an analytical control for the study design. Physical parameters were found to be relatively consistent. No trends in variability were noted based on blend type, smoke analyte matrix, or magnitude of an HPHC's yield. Combustion-related HPHCs generally showed low variation. Long-term batch-to-batch variability was found to be higher than short-term variability for tobacco-related compounds that have the potential to vary over time due to weather and agronomic practices. “Tar”, nicotine, and carbon monoxide were tested in multiple labs and showed greater lab-to-lab variability than batch-to-batch variability across all phases. Based on the results of this study, commercial cigarette products appear to have relatively low product variability. The low analyte variability noted in this study with products tested under unconventionally controlled analytical conditions serves to indicate that analytical variability may be a significant contributor to overall variability for general product testing over time and in interlaboratory studies. Laboratory controls and using a matched reference product across studies and between laboratories are important to assess testing differences and variability.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2022-00122022-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0011<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Increasing tobacco control and public health awareness have increased smokers’ attempts to quit smoking. However, some smokers also seek alternative products claimed to pose less risks. The use of smokeless tobacco (ST) products may thus increase in some countries which are not traditionally ST markets. To provide a cross-sectional picture on ST usage in China, a survey was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020 in representative metropolitan cities (divided into three tiers by their populations and gross domestic product (GDP) sizes), from which 3,000 tobacco users and 801 ST users were randomly recruited to provide a snapshot of ST usage behaviour and other pertinent factors for Chinese tobacco users. The study included questionnaires designed to probe potential reasons behind ST use, usage habits, and nicotine dependence attributes. These questions were devised to cover the type of tobacco products used, users’ age, gender, city of residence, residence time, household monthly income, etc., and was supported by some verification questions. Mann-Whitney-analysis was used for significance analysis between different groups. The results showed that ST prevalence for Chinese tobacco users was around 2.1%. The proportion of exclusively ST use was about 8.99%, and the mean conversion time to habitual ST use was about three months. Demographic information such as the city tiers where ST users lived, their age, gender, educational and income levels appeared to correlate with ST use habits although more studies are needed to verify the observations. The fact that a small but measurable population of Chinese ST users exists has important implications for tobacco control. This study provides the first large-scale, single-time-point survey on Chinese ST user profiles, which may help the future research on tobacco control policy regarding ST products in China.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00112023-09-28T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0013<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Cigarette ventilation characteristics are one of the important design factors that affect the combustion state and therefore smoke release. In order to study the changes of ventilation characteristics and the combustion state of cigarettes with different rod circumferences during smoking, a device was designed that could flexibly measure the different ventilation characteristics along the cigarette rod. The device was utilized to measure the changes of the total ventilation rate and filter ventilation rate of cigarettes with different rod circumference in both burned and unburned conditions. At the same time, a test method was implemented to measure the temperature of the combustion coal puff-by-puff during the smoking process. The relationship between ventilation and the combustion state was analyzed on a per-puff basis. The results show that with the decrease of the rod circumference from 24 mm to 20 mm and 17 mm, the total ventilation rate under burning conditions changed considerably compared with unburned conditions, increasing by 55.7%, 60.5% and 74.5% on average, respectively. The ventilation of the cigarette paper played a major role in regulating the ventilation during puffing. With the increase from 17 mm to 24 mm in circumference, the combustion efficiency of the tobacco decreased as indicated by a range of thermophysical parameters of the burning coal.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00132023-09-28T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) contain numerous volatile aerosol constituents (e.g., nicotine, propylene glycol, flavors, etc.). Past work clearly indicates the temporal and chemical dynamics of ENDS aerosol requires consideration of these volatile constituents when measuring the particle size distribution. An MSP-135-8 Mini MOUDI™ and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI^®+) were used to measure the particle size distribution of two JUUL ENDS products. Volatile chemicals were measured from each cascade impactor's exhaust airflow to assess their effect on collection efficiency. Similar mass median aerodynamic diameters were obtained for both ENDS products by both cascade impactors, however the geometric standard deviation from the ELPI^®+ measurements were larger for both products than measurements using the Mini MOUDI™ impactor. Although the measured mass of volatile chemicals was greater in the exhaust from the Mini MOUDI™ impactor, a greater variety of volatile chemicals were found within the exhaust of the ELPI^®+. The greater variety of volatile chemicals correlated with more room air sampling by the ELPI^®+. The reduced amount of volatile chemicals measured in the exhaust of the ELPI^®+ may be due to their collection by the vacuum oil used in the sintered collection plates of the ELPI^®+. Accounting for the measured volatile chemicals improved the recovery efficiency of the Mini MOUDI™ impactor by 2.9–7.5% with the average recovery efficiency exceeding 82% for the two JUUL ENDS Products. In comparison, accounting for the measured volatile constituents increased the recovery efficiency of the ELPI^®+ impactor by 0.4% or less, which did not narrow the recovery efficiency range, that based upon the estimated dilution, consistently exceeded the measured mass loss from both JUUL ENDS products.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00122023-09-28T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/cttr-2017-0006<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>An inter-laboratory comparison study on the acrolein biomarker of exposure 3-hydroxypropyl-mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) with 12 laboratories from 7 globally distributed countries was performed. The laboratories received coded triplicates of 4 spiked and lyophilized urine samples (LU, 12 samples) as well as 5 authentic urine pool samples (PU, 15 samples) covering the 3-HPMA concentration range from background (non-smoking) to heavy smoking levels for analysis by using their own (in-house) analytical method. All laboratories applied liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with most of them (10 of 12) using solid phase extraction (SPE) as sample work-up procedure. The intra-laboratory variation (indicating repeatability) was determined by calculating the standard deviation (s_r) and the coefficient of variation (CV_r) of the triplicates, whereas the inter-laboratory variation (indicating reproducibility) was determined by calculating the standard deviation between laboratories (s_R) and the corresponding coefficient of variation (CV_R). After removal of outlier samples or laboratories, the mean CV_r values for LU and PU test samples ranged from 2.1–3.6% (mean: 2.8%) and 2.4–3.7% (mean: 3.3%), respectively, indicating good repeatability for the determination of 3-HPMA in both sample types. CV_R for LU and PU test samples ranged from 9.1–31.9% (mean: 18.8%) and 13.9–27.0% (mean: 18.5%), respectively, indicating limited reproducibility in 3-HPMA analysis for both sample types. Re-calculation of the PU results by applying an embedded calibration (EC), derived from the reported peak areas for the LU test samples, somewhat improved the CV_R values (range: 9.6–28.8%, mean: 16.7%).</p> <p>It is concluded that the intra-laboratory variation (repeatability) in the determination of 3-HPMA in urine is in general acceptable in the participating laboratories, while the inter-laboratory variability requires further improvement. The relatively small reduction in the inter-laboratory variability (s_R and CV_R) by applying an EC suggests that other methodological factors than the standard reference material for 3-HPMA have to be addressed to achieve further improvement in reproducibility.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/cttr-2017-00062017-02-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0009<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <sec><title style='display:none'>Background and objectives</title> <p>Oral nicotine pouches is a rapidly growing product category that potentially offers less risk than combustible tobacco products. Nicotine pouches may provide harm reduction for smokers because they contain no tobacco and have reduced harmful constituents compared to traditional tobacco product categories. Any potential public health benefit must weigh the likelihood that current tobacco users will switch to the lower-risk product against the likelihood that nonusers will start using tobacco products. To our knowledge, no existing studies provide population-level estimates of purchase intent or product appeal across tobacco user groups or how product characteristics might affect those variables.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title> <p>This paper presents population-level estimates of purchase intent and product appeal for multiple Velo nicotine pouch products (including different flavors, nicotine strengths, format, and packaging) among five adult tobacco user groups (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, current tobacco experimenters, former tobacco users, and never ever tobacco users). Over 49,000 respondents were surveyed across twelve analytic samples.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title> <p>Results for the pooled sample as well as for each individual sample were remarkably consistent for every product. Ratings of purchase intent and appeal are higher for current tobacco users (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, and current tobacco experimenters) than for former and never ever tobacco users.</p> </sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions and scientific significance</title> <p>Variation in product characteristics had little or no effect on purchase intent or appeal ratings across tobacco user groups, suggesting that product characteristics do not materially affect public health.</p> </sec> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00092023-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0010<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Summary</title> <p>Several commercial sources of tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) and synthetic nicotine (SyN) and a variety of e-cigarette liquids employing either TDN or SyN have been evaluated to determine the enantiomer distributions of R- and S-nicotine and R- and S-nornicotine by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography (chiral-SFC) with UV diode array detection (DAD-UV). The data generated are used to test the mismatched <italic>vs</italic>. matched hypothesis of C<sc>heetham</sc> <italic>et al.</italic> as a means to distinguish products containing TDN from products with SyN.</p> <p>Two sets of experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was conducted on a series of 11 commercial nicotine samples (three characterized as tobacco-derived and eight characterized as synthetic nicotine). The commercial nicotine samples were either from a tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) source or were synthetic nicotine (SyN). Some of the commercial nicotine samples were nicotine salts. The second experiment was conducted on e-liquids from a set of 11 e-cigarettes. The nicotine in the e-liquids was either from TDN or SyN. The e-liquid samples were differentiated based on the advertised information on the internet or from printed information on the e-cigarette packaging.</p> <p>None of the three commercial TDN samples in the first experiment could be unequivocally characterized as coming from a tobacco source. Five of the eight commercial SyN samples were correctly characterized as SyN based on the matched <italic>vs</italic>. mismatched nicotine and nornicotine hypothesis of C<sc>heetham</sc> <italic>et al.</italic></p> <p>In the second experiment, none of the e-liquids characterized as being from TDN sources could be unequivocally characterized as coming from a tobacco source. All of the e-liquids characterized as being from SyN sources were either characterized as equivocal or of uncertain origin based on the matched <italic>vs</italic>. mismatched nicotine and nornicotine hypothesis of C<sc>heetham</sc> <italic>et al.</italic></p> <p>These sets of experiments represent an excellent example of the difficulty that the United States Food and Drug Administration is having in trying to determine if TDN or SyN is being used in tobacco products. Even highly advanced chromatographic methods such as chiral-SFC were not able to unequivocally distinguish products with TDN from products with SyN 100% of the time.</p> <p>Other analytical methods such as ¹⁴C quantitation of nicotine samples by accelerator mass spectrometry offer a more reliable determinate of nicotine source (TDN <italic>vs</italic>. SyN) and can be used to identify misbranded products labelled as containing SyN, even though this methodology is more expensive and offered in limited locations.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00102023-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-0008ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cttr-2023-00082023-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1