rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Historyhttps://www.sciendo.com/subject/HIhttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://www.sciendo.com/subjectImages/History.jpg700700https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The presentation of landforms in two-dimensional graphics may not always be clear and understandable to every viewer. The presentation of landforms, as well as other types of characteristics and issues in three-dimensional space can bring many advantages in the process of better understanding of the surrounding reality. The primary purpose of this research is to put forward a simple scheme, accessible to any Geographic Information Systems user, for generating 3D physical terrain models for any area of the Earth. The presented scheme can be used anywhere in the world, however, for the purpose of illustrating its capabilities, a case study of a selected area – the Tatra Mountain range – was conducted in this paper. As part of the study, a 3D model was developed based on a Digital Elevation Model obtained from an open source, i.e. MapTiler. An indisputable advantage of the study is that the designed process flow in its structure takes into account only generally available tools and software (the model was prepared in the QGIS program). However, a certain limitation is the process of printing itself, which depends on the availability of specialized printing equipment. In this case study, FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology was used for printing, and the model itself was prepared on a Creality Ender 7 printer. The proposed flowchart, on the one hand, unifies and simplifies the process of creating physical 3D models, while on the other hand, it provides opportunities for GIS users and developers to develop the proposed solution.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-00032024-09-12T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The article presents a selected base of cartographic sources enabling analyses on Josephine settlements in the Austrian partition from the late 18^th century to 1939. The purpose of the article is to present the cartographic source base on Josephine colonization collected in Poland and Ukraine. The research covered all settlements created during the Josephine colonization (1781–1789). The text discusses cartographic source materials (available on-site and online) acquired through queries. The analyses included village plans, large--scale maps of Galicia, the Galician cadastre (Austrian land cadastre) and maps from the interwar period.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-00022024-08-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Fake news</italic> is disseminated to distribute deliberate misinformation, usually on social media. They reduce trust in communication systems and, more fundamentally, in our democracy, because third parties become able to exploit our beliefs, emotions, and identities. The misinformation-related issues are progressively amplifying in this ICT &amp; AI-based century and have become a significant problem in our globalized world. This paper focuses on public libraries and their future key role to be played in fighting and debunking this stringent problem of misinformation, presenting the new approaches in this area in the US, more exactly implemented by the research team from the University of Washington and subsequently, the specific situation in Romania pertaining this issue. This new role of public libraries will be defined and, in our view, they need to be more engaged than they currently are. It will become even more critical as libraries are increasingly considered key points for disseminating accurate information. Libraries will be able to serve as vital pillars in the fight against fake news by promoting information and digital literacy, offering trusted sources, providing fact-checking resources, fostering critical thinking, conducting community education, and upholding intellectual freedom. These skills and resources will enable users to verify claims, debunk misinformation, and find accurate information on a particular topic, written or visual. Consequently, libraries could serve as community hubs for nowadays needed education – including fake news debunking, supporting the truth, democratic rights, and civic engagement. The steps required to achieve this goal in Romania are recommended in this paper.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00032024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0001ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00012024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0005<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>We look in this paper at how library publics and the subsequent delivered services have evolved from the perspective of the theory of attribution and the theory of planned behavior. We then introduce a measurement scale for evaluating the service delivery quality of public libraries (SERVQUAL) and apply it in empirical research. Results show that the activities of public libraries which cater to all age groups and the diversity of resources they offer to the public, significantly predict (approximately 60%) users' perceptions of the quality of library services. Digital literacy activities provided by libraries to the public significantly predict (approximately 30%) users' perceptions of the quality of library services. The more active libraries are within the community, the more favorable the perception of the services they offer. A positive perception of the library is influenced by the librarian, especially when their name is known within the community. There are significant differences between rural and urban libraries regarding Seriousness, Responsiveness, and Empathy in service delivery, with these services being more favorably evaluated in urban areas. Women rate library services more favorably than men in terms of Safety and Empathy.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00052024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0006<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Based on research conducted with users and librarians of the National Library of Romania, this article discusses specific forms of integration of marginal people in Bucharest: young adults with no stable employment and pensioners. Some come to have access to information; others want to self-educate, enrich themselves culturally, and benefit from the library staff's support. The article argues that libraries should partner with other private and public stakeholders to empower librarians to deal with complex situations and foster further forms of inclusion.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00062024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0004<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The study encompasses a bibliometric analysis of the classical cultural organizations (museums, libraries and theaters), considering the mainstream academic research documenting the relationships between these organizations and their communities. The first part discusses how these organizations’ focus and commitments have shifted from passive cultural aims, observing a social and educational turn towards communities. We observe a redefinition of their core purposes, becoming dynamic community and social spaces that promote sustainable development, social enrichment and wellbeing. They are no longer temples of culture, but complex hubs, spaces for engagement. Mainstream academic research gives more attention to the transformations in the library sector. Nevertheless, overall, it captures the transformations in all cultural organizations investigated, highlighting the importance of technology, community engagement and interdisciplinary approaches, as well as their growing significance in community development and wellbeing.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00042024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The Romanian migration of the last decades has generated in the world, but especially in Europe, a significant population of Romanian origin, but far from the cultural sources in Romania. The appearance of activities that would bring together the Romanian community appeared inevitable; among them, the initiatives of some Romanian libraries were born naturally, in various forms, sometimes structured on local public libraries or just as personal initiatives. The present article maps and evaluates several European cases of Romanian libraries: three in the Kingdom of the Netherlands and one in Prague, which already has countless branches, especially in the European Union. The investigation shows a strong connection between the Romanian libraries and their communities, especially with the parents of minor children, and a strong appreciation of these libraries' educational and social impact.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-00022024-08-15T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jms-2024-0005<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In the face of an intricate defense landscape, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) confronts evolving challenges, necessitating transformative strategies. In the past decade, the IDF championed innovation through decentralized silos (“islands of innovation”), steered by 4^th generation Chief Innovation Officers (CINOs) with ‘liquid professionalism’. Since the establishment of the Combat Methods and Innovation (CMI) division, the IDF has formed an institutionalized innovation management system, managed by intraorganizational 5^th generation CINOs. This system allowed binding these islands into a cohesive framework (an archipelago) designed to rapidly respond to internal developments and external challenges, showcasing the IDF’s capacity to navigate the complexities of modern warfare with agility and foresight. The main contribution of this article is two-folded, first it advocates for the cultivation of two types of change agents: a. the ‘transformative commanders’, leaders adept at instigating profound, organization-wide change; b. intraorganizational 5^th generation CINOs. Second, it introduces a dual-pronged framework specifically designed to harness and streamline a bottom-up innovation within military organizations, and in particularly within the context of the IDF. This interdisciplinary framework is derived from both sociological and organizational systems engineering perspectives. The methodology employed to delineate its contributions leverages the theory of systematic operative design.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jms-2024-00052024-08-01T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-05<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>India, the home to one of the earliest urban civilizations on this planet, has a very long tradition of research and writings on urban issues. The fundamental objective and chief motivation of writing a review of urban settlement studies in India is to fabricate a legible synthesis of the relevant sources, obtainable from the literature to answer a salient research question that may interest all geographers as well as other social scientists. Since urban settlement geography has emerged as a systematic sub-theme of urban geography after World War II, the post-independence period (1950–2019) of India has been taken into consideration for the present review. This research, therefore, is a humble effort to analyze and interpret over 60 publications, published between 1950 and 2019, on various aspects of urban settlements in India and to provide a brief critical review of them. The review indicates that diversified aspects of physical, functional, economic, and historical dimensions of urban settlements belonging to different parts of the country were discussed and interpreted by scholars from India and abroad. On the grounds of the present study, papers are organized under the following broad themes, such as location, distribution, configuration, and morphological studies of urban settlements; studies on urban settlement systems, economic linkages, and spatial-functional characteristics of urban settlements; studies on the typology of urban settlements; and historical studies of urban settlements. Eventually, this endeavor seeks to get a place in the vast body of literature, on the subject of urban geography, by offering a brief review of the select literature in the sub-theme of urban settlement geography to enable readers to acquire an overview of the scholarly literature in the area, so that they can enhance their understanding of what is found, how it is found, and in which way to communicate this information.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-052024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-04<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The Pruszków Abiotic Nature Trail, a collection of 12 Scandinavian erratic boulders, has been a municipal geotourism site since 2022. It has an educational, pro-environmental and educational function, demonstrating that the local geological heritage should be protected to ensure the balance of the city’s geo-ecosystem. The Geotrail uses abiotic natural elements for tourism and recreational functions. Architecturally designed and equipped with information panels and paratourist facilities, it decorates a small square in the middle of the urban fabric. Through the skilful transfer of know-how, it becomes an effective generator of sustainable socio-economic development in a town which, in the case of Pruszków, functions mainly as a bedroom community for the capital.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-042024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-06<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study aimed to compare and analyze the professional problems between travel agencies and tourist guides operating in the tourism sector in Istanbul. The research was conducted with a total of 26 participants, including 13 tourist guides and 13 representatives from travel agencies, using a semi-structured interview technique. The data obtained were analyzed under the headings of “mutual problems of travel agencies and tourist guides”, “problems related to guests”, “problems related to accommodation enterprises”, “other problems”, “illegal and shadow guiding problem”, and “base fees and adequacy”. It has been determined that the main problem that tourist guides experience with the travel agencies they work with is tour fees. Tourist guides underlined that travel agencies are very sales-oriented and this situation negatively affects the guides. In addition, it has been determined that intensive tour programs also cause significant problems for tourist guides. Agency representatives, on the other hand, stated that they had problems with inadequacies in the individual characteristics of tourist guides. In addition, non-compliance with the tour program, demanding high prices, and discrimination of guests were among the problems experienced by travel agencies with tourist guides. When the problems encountered by the two important stakeholders of the tourism sector other than the problems encountered with each other are taken into consideration, tourist guides stated that they encountered the problem of delays with their guests, the problem of insufficient personnel with accommodation establishments, and the problem of traffic in Istanbul. Travel agency representatives, on the other hand, emphasized the problems caused by high and different expectations with their guests, the problems experienced by accommodation businesses when purchasing rooms, and the traffic problems in Istanbul. Both stakeholders agree that the illegal and shadow guiding problem should be inspected and sanctions should be imposed. Stakeholders who evaluate the base wages of tourist guides have different opinions on this issue. While a significant portion of tourist guides think that the wages are adequate, agency representatives think that the base wage is high.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-062024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-02<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The paper presents deliberations on the observed evolution of the process of urban regeneration of degraded urban areas. In addition to the common formula of transformations, which result in the creation of multifunctional, representative public space zones, more and more often activities leading to the creation of intimate areas of local importance are taking place in underserved areas. The resulting new enclaves with diversified functional structures are an interesting example of integrative urban regeneration aimed at achieving a high quality of life for residents and stabilizing the comfort of using space. The presented approach is illustrated by field research carried out in 2019, 2021 and 2022 in the Fuzja complex in Łódź, located in the successively revitalized former Karol Scheibler factory complex.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-022024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-01<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Children’s geographies is a relatively young sub-discipline of human geography, dating back to the 1990s. Drawing attention to the marginal consideration given to children in geographic research in the past, as well as other problems that scientific studies of the time overlooked or struggled with, it was possible to formulate a set of basic assumptions that continue to guide those studying children’s geographies today. The subdiscipline is constantly gaining popularity among researchers from around the world. We are currently witnessing its unprecedented flourishing. This article attempts to achieve two goals. Firstly, the characterization of children’s geographies based on a review of the literature. It includes basic information about this subdiscipline, such as a description of its origins, main assumptions and scope of research, an explanation of key terms, a characterization of the location of children’s geographies in the structure of scientific and geographic knowledge, as well as outlining the main problems and challenges within this subdiscipline. Secondly, the identification of the undertaken research issues within the framework of children’s geographies based on bibliometric data – indicating the most popular issues undertaken in research, identifying the popularity of the subdiscipline, as well as recognizing the leading centers and researchers working on children’s geographies. This work is intended to be a comprehensive coverage of the issues of this subdiscipline for those interested in gaining basic information on child geographies and conducting research in this area.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-012024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-03<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The Vistula Lagoon region has well-established maritime traditions, but socio-economic and geopolitical problems make it difficult to exploit the potential of this location. In the study, a multi-criteria qualitative analysis of strategic and planning documents at four levels (national, supra-regional, regional and local) was carried out in terms of including in them issues concerning the activation of water transport in the Vistula Lagoon region. The results indicate that the water economy is a strategic economic sector for the lagoon municipalities. The navigation channel through the Vistula Spit is mostly perceived as a key investment for the activation of water transport in the region, although its assessment among municipalities is not uniform. Particularly important areas of intervention include the need to modernise the existing infrastructure and actively maintain it to ensure proper navigable conditions, as well as cooperation between different levels of government for effective planning and implementation of these visions in the functional area of the basin.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.48128/pisg/2024-69.2-032024-06-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jnmlp-2024-0003<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The increased arrival of immigrant/refugee populations often leads to public debates. These debates about immigrant/refugee policies are often raised in parliament. Inside parliament, speakers use specific arguments to persuade their audience, aiming to construct specific national identities, and to promote the national homogenizing discourse. To accomplish this, the politicians often exploit narratives and more specifically, national narratives, reframing aspects of history in order to shape the national conscience. The aim of this research is to analyze how two political leaders of opposite Greek parties, Kyriakos Mitsotakis and Yanis Varoufakis, use narratives on the Greek immigration/refugee movement to the USA in the 1920s to argue about the contemporary Greek policy toward immigrant/refugee issues. To analyze their narratives, we utilize the model of <italic>positioning</italic> suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_jnmlp-2024-0003_ref_010">Bamberg (1997)</xref>, drawing a distinction between three levels: the <italic>narrative world</italic>, where we focus on how the characters are positioned in relation to one another within the reported events; the <italic>narrative interaction</italic>, where we examine how the narrator positions him/herself in relation to the audience through specific <italic>argumentative strategies</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_jnmlp-2024-0003_ref_046">Reisigl and Wodak 2001</xref>); and the <italic>broader socio-ideological framework</italic>, which concerns the positioning of the narrator toward the Discourses, namely, toward the ideologically defined ways of representing reality. According to our findings, at the level of the narrative world the two politicians construct differently the USA immigrant/refugee policy. These constructions result to different arguments at the level of the narrative interaction, where Mitsotakis promotes as a norm the exclusion of the Others, while Varoufakis promotes their assimilation. Given that both the exclusion and the assimilation of the Others comprise homogenizing practices, we realize that, at the level of the broader socio-ideological framework, both political leaders, each from a different perspective, reinforce the national discourse.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jnmlp-2024-00032024-06-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jnmlp-2024-0004<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The discipline of folklore studies was introduced to China in the early twentieth century while the country faced a grave national crisis resulting from intense foreign pressure and a rigid political system that was incapable of adapting to the challenges of the modern world. Nationalism contributed to the rising interest in folklore from the late 1910s to early 1920s, then became the dominant theme of folklore studies thereafter. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, folklore studies spread all over the country and developed vigorously within China. However, the eruption of the War of Resistance in 1937 interrupted this revitalization process and most folklore activities came to a standstill. In wartime China, leading scholars looked to the past in part as a reaction to Japanese imperialism, but also to strengthen cultural cohesion for the nation. In Japanese-occupied areas, some scholars persisted in independent folklore investigations and writing even though most upper tier Chinese universities and leading figures in the folklore movement gradually relocated to non-occupied territory. Scholars who remained in the occupation zone often had contact with foreign-backed institutions and were able to continue working during the war years. Their research activities served the purpose of rallying the nation and fed a growing popular demand for more and deeper investigations into China’s folk traditions. This work examines the influence of nationalism on folk studies in Beiping and Shanghai, shining a light on folklorists’ activities, folklore organizations, and primary publications during China’s War of Resistance against Japan.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jnmlp-2024-00042024-06-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The paper analyses public opinion towards immigrants in Slovenia, especially in terms of openness and acceptance. It begins by providing some key theoretical background on the topic and then draws on selected empirical data from the European Social Survey from a cross-temporal perspective. According to survey data, respondents in Slovenia have become more open towards immigrants in recent years. However, there are significant tensions between those who are more open to and those who oppose immigration. This divide between immigration supporters and opponents is a persistent social tension that characterises political orientations in Slovenia in general. Despite the shifting public opinion towards greater tolerance, right-wing populist politicians may still target and mobilise those who remain sceptical or hostile towards immigrants.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-00022024-06-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-0007<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The aim of this paper is to apply an ecocritical approach to the analysis of selected literary passages by Slovene minority authors from Italy. Drawing from ecocritical discourse, the author presents a diverse conception of living space before delving into the analysis of selected passages, through which she aims to demonstrate that, in the case of minority literary authors, environmental issues intertwine with questions of identity, as threats to the environment as a living space are closely associated with threats to the ethnic community. This is particularly evident in the case of literary authors from Beneška Slovenia. The author concludes her views with an analysis of literary works by the youngest Slovene authors from Italy, who notably engage with ecological themes extending beyond the confines of the living space of the Slovene minority in Italy to address the global ecological crisis.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-00072024-06-29T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-0008<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>In this study, the responses of 182 Bosniaks were analysed to examine the interplay between previous adversity (past challenging or traumatic experiences a person has faced), mental well-being, and ethnic distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the lens of polyvagal theory, which emphasises the role of physiological reactivity and body awareness. The results show that there is no direct association between past adversity and well-being or ethnic distance. However, previous adversity is a significant predictor of autonomic reactivity and body awareness, which serve as mediators of well-being and ethnic distance. These findings point to the potential benefits of trauma-informed interventions to improve social cohesion in post-conflict settings.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/tdjes-2024-00082024-06-29T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1