rss_2.0Sciendo RSS Feed for Physicshttps://www.sciendo.com/subject/PYhttps://www.sciendo.comhttps://www.sciendo.com/subjectImages/Physics.jpg700700https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/sgem-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Understanding the erosion process of an earth dam and flood embankment composed of noncohesive, homogeneous soils due to overflow is crucial for determining the quantity and rate of water release. This is necessary to assess the consequences of a failure, analyze the risk, and develop appropriate crisis management procedures. Despite numerous studies in this area, the process of breach evolution is not fully explored. The article presents the results of physical experiments carried out in the field laboratory of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology for a dam with a height of 0.50 m that closes a reservoir with a capacity of 14.4 m³, whose width is significantly greater than the final width of the breach. The scenario analyzed assumes that water overflows the embankment crest, as it is the most common cause of embankment failure based on dam disaster databases. At the same time, the amount of water accumulated in the reservoir is the largest possible for this scenario, suggesting that such a catastrophe may have the most severe consequences. Based on the results obtained from three experiments, four repeatable phases of erosion evolution were identified and described: (I) the initiation phase, (II) the vertical erosion phase, (III) the lateral erosion phase, divided into two cycles, and (IV) the reservoir emptying phase without further propagation of the breach. The outflow rate of the water from the reservoir was also analyzed, allowing the determination of the outflow hydrograph for each test. Hydrographs showed differences between individual experiments; however, the average erosion rate was similar for all tests. Furthermore, the final width of the breach created each time was between 2.2 and 2.5 H (where H is the height of the embankment) and the volume of eroded soil ranged from 0.52 to 0.59 m³. The article also highlights the methodology to calculate the water outflow hydrograph.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/sgem-2024-00252024-12-04T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0041<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Heating accounts for significant primary resource consumption and generation up to 30 % of total GHG emissions in the EU27. The ambitious emissions reduction goals outlined in the European <italic>Green Deal</italic> and <italic>Fit for 55</italic> package necessitate not only the massive renovation of building stocks, but also reconstruction of heat generation and supply systems. With 76 % of the EU building stock located in urban areas, the renewal of urban heating systems is crucial.</p> <p>An easy-to-use methodology has been developed for managing long-term renovation programmes and regularly assessing renovation projects, thereby forming a comprehensive dynamic vision on the progress. This methodology enables flexible, rapid and, at the same time, sufficiently accurate and objective analysis of the potential and benefits of various heating system renovation projects and their variants at the pre-design stage, as well as their comparison according to efficiency. It employs a limited number of open indicators and does not require specialised knowledge in thermal physics, economics and/or construction.</p> <p>The developed methodology provides insights into (1) achievable heat consumption and primary energy savings, (2) reduction of dominant CO2 emissions, (3) changes in heating tariffs and costs, and (4) required investments.</p> <p>The methodology is intended for use by: (1) municipalities to streamline sustainable planning and management of urban heating systems and to facilitate interaction with owners of buildings and local heating systems, and (2) national authorities monitoring the implementation of national programmes under <italic>Fit for 55</italic>.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00412024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0047<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Analysis of the statistics on the regularity of aircraft departures from the airport shows that one of the reasons for delays is poor operational management, leading to deviations from established norms in the timing of individual technological operations preparing aircraft for departure. This article presents an approach to solving this problem, which is considered a multi-criteria task. To address it, an imitation model in the form of a complex of modules has been developed. A corresponding algorithm for the functioning of each module has been devised. To ensure the necessary conformity of the model to real conditions, a check of the technological process variables for stochasticity has been conducted based on daily flight plans of the airport, using Wilcoxon and Smirnov-Kolmogorov criteria. Based on the timing of the duration characteristics of individual technological operations for servicing flights of different aircraft types under various conditions, a “Random Variable Generator” scheme has been developed. Frequency polygons and probability distribution functions of deviations in aircraft arrivals, obtained through statistical analysis, are presented in the paper.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00472024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0040<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>We explore the complexity of various drivers and local constraints from the viewpoint of developing a feasible re-design of a small harbour that is affected by ultra-refraction of storm waves. Waves propagating towards the Port of Ruhnu on a small island in the central part of the Gulf of Riga are systematically redirected by underwater features so that saturated waves in virtually all storms propagate almost exactly into the harbour entrance. A new design of the port entrance and associated set of breakwaters is largely steered by the location of the port and options for the fairway into the port. The re-design of the breakwaters and possible relocation of the entrance considers the specific features of the local wind, wave, and water level climate, including period-depending refraction of storm waves. We present systematic analysis of these aspects using recorded and modelled wind and water level time series. Wave properties are reconstructed using the WAVE module (SWAN) of the Delft3D suite forced with ERA5 and local wind information. Phase-resolving modelling of waves (REEF3D software) reveals the presence of a bi-modal wave field in the interior of the port and provides alternatives for the design of effective protection options that suppress single wave components. On many occasions, greatly simplified models and local one-point wind properties provide even better match with recorded wave properties than sophisticated models and global data sets.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00402024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0042<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This study explores the laser-induced hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures, focusing on the influence of various growth parameters. Using a laser to locally heat the synthesis solution, we achieved controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures. We examined the effects of laser power, exposure time, reagent concentration, and the addition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the morphology and distribution of the nanostructures. Results indicate that higher laser powers and extended exposure times lead to increased nanostructure diameters and heights, though they also introduce growth instability. Lower reagent concentrations produce needle-like structures, while higher concentrations yield larger but irregular formations. The addition of PEI accelerates growth, resulting in longer nanorods with reduced height variation but causes a chaotic structural arrangement and the formation of parasitic nanostructures. These findings underscore the critical role of growth parameters in tailoring the properties of ZnO nanostructures for potential applications.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00422024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0044<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Hydrogen fuel cell backup power is a modern way to ensure an uninterrupted and decentralised supply of electricity. A stationary and mobile fuel cell, commonly referred to as a hydrogen generator, is used to produce electricity during power outages or other emergency situations. These fuel cell backups are designed to provide a reliable and efficient source of electricity for critical loads, such as hospitals, data centres, and other critical infrastructures. Hydrogen generators are typically used in situations where a reliable and efficient source of electricity is needed, and in cases when conventional diesel generators are not the priority. These generators can also be used in remote locations where access to the grid is limited or unavailable, or in applications where the use of fossil fuels is not practical or desirable. The article covers the thematic related to comparison of diesel and hydrogen generators, with regards to advantages and shortcomings of the latter, as well as provides an insight into possible use of hydrogen generators in Latvia.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00442024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0046<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The integration of electrospun nanofibres into composite materials such as carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRPs) has gained significant attention for enhancing their mechanical and thermal properties. This study focuses on the impact of incorporating polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofibres into an epoxy matrix to form multi-layered laminate composites. Our approach involved interleaving these orientated nanofibres within CFRP/GFRP matrices to investigate improvements in bulk material characteristics. The tensile and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites were thoroughly analysed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to evaluate the thermal stability and degradation behaviour. In particular, nanocomposites exhibited an increase of 5–24 % in elastic modulus, aligning with predictions from analytical models. This research underscores the potential of PAN nanofibre mats for the development of lightweight, high-performance nanocomposites, offering a novel methodology for the enhancement of composite materials.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00462024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0045<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Due to the increasing popularity of additive manufacturing technologies, more varied and complex shapes of heat exchangers can be produced that can be optimised to be more compact and efficient. In this paper, a triply minimal periodic surface – gyroid structure – is designed to study the applicability of such structures in compact air-to-air heat exchangers used in residential ventilation recuperation systems. Gyroid surface structures could potentially decrease overall heat exchanger size, pressure and increase heat transfer. Several geometry variations with different flow rate values were analysed to compare the efficiency of heat exchanger designs. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to identify more adaptable geometric parameters of the gyroid structure. To calculate the pressure difference, temperature and heat transfer in each variation, SolidWorks Flow Simulation was used. The results showed that by using gyroid structures, heat exchanger energy transfer can be optimised for required back pressure and heat transfer, while reducing the overall dimensions, compared to conventional heat exchangers. By incorporating low cost, printed thermal recuperators, thermal efficiency of residential buildings can be improved. Suitable materials, manufacturing methods and application limitations are discussed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00452024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-0043<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This article deals with the reuse of wastepaper. Three components were used to make traditional paper plaster: wastepaper, glue, and water. Whether the glues used to make paper plaster and the quantities of those glues have an impact on the moisture buffering value (MBV) of paper plaster was studied. The scope of the Nordtest method is to evaluate the MBV for materials exposed to indoor air. The test intended to simulate daily variations with relative humidity between 75 % during 8 hours and 33 % during 16 hours.</p> <p>The test specimen was made according to the recipe which contained the following: waste-paper (newspaper paper), three different types of glue (potato starch (<italic>Amylum Solani</italic>) C₆H₁₀O₅, wallpaper glue Metylan Universal Premium (produced by Henkel), and methylcellulose C₆H₇O₂(OH)_x(OCH₃)_y, and water. Different percentages of glue were used in the specimens. Potato starch (<italic>Amylum Solani</italic>) C₆H₁₀O₅ clearly increased the moisture buffering ability.</p> <p>The tests performed showed that the composition and quantity of glue affected the MBV of paper plaster. The MBV of all the specimens remained in the range of 2.08–2.48 [g/(m²·%RH)@8/16h]. The largest MBV was 2.48[g/(m²·%RH)@8/16h], and it was registered in the case of a mixture that had a glue made from 100 g of potato starch (<italic>Amylum Solani</italic>) C₆H₁₀O₅ per litre of water and the smallest MBV was 2.08[g/(m²·%RH)@8/16h], and it contained glue mixture made of 20 g methylcellulose per litre of water. As a result of the current study, an environmentally friendly plaster with high moisture buffer value using wastepaper as a component of this material was developed.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/lpts-2024-00432024-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/qic-2024-0002<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Quantum state tomography (QST) is an essential technique for characterizing quantum states. However, practical implementations of QST are significantly challenged by factors such as shot noise, attenuation, and Raman scattering, especially when photonic qubits are transmitted through optical fibers alongside classical signals. In this paper, we present a numerical framework to simulate and evaluate the efficiency of QST under these realistic conditions. The results reveal how the efficiency of QST is influenced by the power of the classical signal. By analyzing the fidelity of reconstructed states, we provide insights into the limitations and potential improvements for QST in noisy environments.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/qic-2024-00022024-11-18T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/gsr-2024-0012<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>Space radiation poses a substantial health risk to humans traveling beyond Earth’s orbit to the Moon and Mars. As microbes come with us to space as model organisms for studying radiation effects, a computational model simulating those effects on microorganisms could enable us to better design and interpret those experiments. Here we present an agent-based model for microbial populations exposed to radiation (AMMPER), which simulates the effects of protons, a major component of deep-space radiation, on budding yeast (<italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>) growth. The model combines radiation track structure data from the RITRACKS package with novel algorithms for cell replication, motion, damage, and repair. We demonstrate that AMMPER qualitatively reproduces the effects of 150 MeV proton radiation on growth rate, but not lag time, of wild type and DNA repair mutant yeast strains. The variance in AMMPER’s results is consistent with the variance in experimental results, suggesting that AMMPER can recapitulate the stochasticity of empirical experiments. Finally, we used AMMPER to predict responses to deep space radiation that may be tested in future experiments. A user-friendly, open-source, extendable Python package for studying the relationship between single-particle radiation events and population-level responses, AMMPER can facilitate the basic research necessary to ensure safe and sustainable exploration of deep space.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/gsr-2024-00122024-11-23T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Introduction:</italic> In recent times, numerous leading global societies have endeavored to advance proton therapy technology with the aim of making it universally accessible. The goal is to offer proton therapy to all cancer patients who stand to benefit from it, thereby enhancing their overall quality of life. This shared objective unites radiation oncologists, medical physicists, radiotherapists, and hospital directors worldwide. The introduction of proton therapy systems, coupled with adjustments to the momentum analysis system, holds potential clinical benefits.</p> <p><italic>Material and Methods:</italic> The momentum analysis system typically modifies the energy of the clinical proton beam, influencing the shape and position of the Bragg peak. FLUKA, a Monte Carlo-based software, was employed to simulate various beam setups by directing the proton beam into a water phantom. The resulting Bragg peaks were analyzed and compared with those from different setup simulations.</p> <p><italic>Results:</italic> The findings indicate that the Bragg peak undergoes changes in a proton therapy system, both with and without a modulator, across all potential tumor depths. The results demonstrate that the position of the Bragg peak can vary from Z = 31.4 cm for deep tumors such as prostate to Z = 2.6 cm for spinal axis tumors, solely by adjusting the modulator depth from ΔZ_modulator = 5 to ΔZ_modulator = 30 cm for an energy level of 250 MeV, without altering the proton beam energies.</p> <p><italic>Conclusion:</italic> The investigation of these results plays a potential dosimetric consequence, especially for clinics interested in acquiring such a proton therapy system for treating and managing tumors at varying depths.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-00252024-11-07T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-0026<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Introduction:</italic> An important goal of biomedical physics and engineering is to study possible confounding factors in diagnosis or treatment to minimize erogenous interpretations due to overestimation or covering pathology-related changes. We aimed to examine the effect of refractive error on corneal thickness, retinal thickness (including its layers), and optic disc parameters in low myopia and moderate myopia, as compared to the emmetropic group.</p> <p><italic>Material and methods:</italic> Sixty eyes from 30 (18 women) young, healthy, physically active, non-smokers, with normal color perception, and no ophthalmological or neurological medical history Caucasians at the age of 24.6 ± 1.5 years were examined. The studied groups were defined based on the SE (spherical equivalent): emmetropia (−0.5 D ≤ SE ≤ 0.75 D, 20 eyes), low myopia (−3 D &lt; SE &lt; -0.5 D, 20 eyes), and moderate myopia (−6 ≤ SE ≤ −3 D, 20 eyes). Spectral optical coherence tomography imaging (SOCT) through SOCT Copernicus HR device (OPTOPOL Technology Sp. z o.o., Poland) was used.</p> <p><italic>Results:</italic> Corneal thickness, peripapillary RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters didn’t change between emmetropic, low myopia, and moderate myopia groups. However, macular retinal thickness decreased with increasing refractive error. Interestingly, particular retinal layers’ thicknesses changed differently with increasing spherical equivalent (SE). A thickening of external macular retina layers was observed in the central and inner sectors, while a thinning of internal retinal layers was seen mainly in the outer ring when SE increased from emmetropia to moderate myopia.</p> <p><italic>Conclusions:</italic> Our findings suggest that changes in retinal thickness due to refractive error may appear even in earlier stages than high myopia. Moreover, different retina layers change differently with SE and not every sector behaves in the same manner. These results are especially worth noting, as they point out the necessity of taking into account different behaviors of retinal layers in low and moderately myopic eyes in interpreting the measurement results when diagnosing ocular pathologies or preparing ophthalmologic surgeries.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-00262024-11-07T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-0024<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Introduction:</italic> Polish Atomic Law requires that organizations conducting quality control checks on medical radiological equipment must participate in interlaboratory comparisons. Medical physicists who conduct these tests in their hospitals seek to validate their results by participating in interlaboratory comparisons (ILC) at least once every four years.</p> <p><italic>Material and methods:</italic> Comparisons involved measurements of physical parameters for various medical imaging equipment, including a digital X-ray unit, an angiograph, a computed tomography scanner, and a display device used to present medical images. The reference value was defined as the weighted average of the measurements performed by the participants. The En index calculation was used to assess the measurement results of each participant individually.</p> <p><italic>Results:</italic> All laboratories achieved 100% satisfactory results for computed tomography, angiography, and X-ray diagnostics, despite using mostly different research methods and various measuring equipment. During the ILC, we observed discrepancies in the results of Hounsfield Unit (HU) measurements in computed tomography (CT), which were due to the size and position of the region of interest (ROI). Additionally, there were discrepancies in the results of dose measurements in angiography, attributed to factors such as the influence of the patient’s table on the measurement and the value of the backscatter factor. As a result, a standard measurement method was established. For display device measurements, two laboratories achieved 100%, two achieved over 94%, and one achieved over 88%.</p> <p><italic>Conclusions:</italic> The goals for conducting comparative research in the field of X-ray diagnostics have been met. The participants’ proper use of the measuring equipment has been confirmed, and the suitability of the research methods for the intended purpose has been verified. We identify potential sources of discrepancies during ILC conducted in clinical settings. Selecting the appropriate measurement geometry and testing procedures is crucial for obtaining valuable ILC results.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-00242024-11-07T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-0022<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Purpose:</italic> The purpose of the study was to use the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model to calculate and compare neurocognitive function (NCF) impairment in the two types of dose distributions in Volumetric Arc Whole-brain radiotherapy (VMAT WBRT).</p> <p><italic>Methods:</italic> The total dose prescribed to the Planning Target Volume (PTV) was 25 Gy and 30 Gy in 10 fractions. During the optimization of the Volumetric Arc Therapy Hippocampal-Avoidant WBRT (VMAT HA-WBRT) plan, the left and right hippocampus the D₁₀₀ &lt; 9 Gy, and the point dose D_max &lt; 16 Gy were minimalized based on RTOG0933 criteria. As an alternative 59 plans for non-hippocampus sparing, 25 Gy, and 59 plans for 30 Gy VMAT WBRT plans were prepared. To calculate the probability of NCF impairment, the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) normal tissue complication probability model was used.</p> <p><italic>Results:</italic> The probability of NCF impairment in the HA-WBRT VMAT was equal to 38%, and it was significantly lower compared to 90% in the 25 Gy WBRT VMAT and 97% in the 30 Gy WBRT VMAT (p &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><italic>Conclusions:</italic> The probability of NCF impairment was 51-59 percentage points lower in VMAT HA-WBRT compared to VMAT WBRT plans. To achieve a 5% probability of NCF impairment, the D₄₀ value should be reduced to a value of approximately 1 Gy. However, due to the complicated nature and types of NFC impairment, further analysis and strategies are needed to optimize dose distribution.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-00222024-11-07T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-0023<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p><italic>Introduction:</italic> Metal Artifact Reduction (MAR) processing has been clinically applied to computed tomography (CT) images using various methods. Iterative MAR (iMAR) is an algorithm for reducing metal artifacts from implants and is tailored to the type, shape, and imaging site of a metal object. Various implants have been targeted using iMAR; however, there are some implants and metals that do not have a dedicated iMAR. The potential of iMAR for managing such artifacts has not yet been explored. Utilizing iMAR in unavoidable extracorporeal metal artifact cases could improve diagnosis. We aimed to assess whether the iMAR reduces extracorporeal metal artifacts and enhances image quality.</p> <p><italic>Material and methods:</italic> CT was performed on a whole-body phantom with electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes attached. Images were obtained without the iMAR and with eight different iMAR processings. The CT value profiles were perpendicular to the direction of artifact generation, and the maximum adjacent CT value difference was extracted from each CT value profile as the largest variation. The cumulative probabilities for the largest variations were obtained, and the location and scale parameters were calculated from the cumulative probability plots. Kruskal–Wallis tests and multiple comparisons were performed on nine different images.</p> <p><italic>Results:</italic> Regarding the 100 cumulative probability plots of the largest variations obtained from each CT value profile, the coefficients of determination (R²) for all cumulative probability plots were as high as &gt; 0.84, indicating that the features of the extracorporeal metal artifact generated from the ECG electrodes evaluated in this study asymptotically approached a Gumbel distribution. The location parameters showed no significant differences among the nine processed images (p &gt; 0.11), whereas the scale parameters showed significant differences for neuro coil, shoulder implant, extremity implant, and thoracic coil iMAR-processed images compared with controls (p &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><italic>Conclusion:</italic> iMAR may improve diagnosis by reducing extracorporeal metal artifacts and enhancing image quality.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pjmpe-2024-00232024-11-07T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-0027<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>When using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to analyze Ni-Co-Mn (NCM) samples, if the standard sample's concentration greatly differs from the unknown sample's concentration, the traditional matrix dilution method requires repeated dilution and measurement. This makes the process time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study proposes an improved matrix dilution method to reduce sample preparation and analysis. This method first establishes a functional relationship model between the dilution factor and the characteristic X-ray intensity. Then the characteristic X-ray intensity of the analyzed element can be calculated by this model, avoiding unnecessary dilution and measurement steps. To verify the effectiveness of this method, the dilution factors and characteristic X-ray intensities of the test samples were fitted using the established functional relationship. The fitting results showed that the fitting coefficients of determination of the Mn, Co, and Ni were all 0.999. Quantitative analysis was performed on the characteristic X-ray intensity fitting values and measured values of the test samples. The results showed that the quantitative results of the two were consistent. The average error of the three elements for both methods was 1.1% and 0.7%, respectively. It shows that through the established functional relationship, the characteristic X-ray intensity can be effectively calculated by the dilution factor. This method can be applied to samples with identical elements and proportions of target elements, but with different concentrations, using the same set of standard samples.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-00272024-11-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-0029<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>This paper highlights the absence of quantitative estimates regarding the intrinsic radiation hazard of high-level nuclear wastes, namely, spent fuel (SF) and vitrified high-level wastes (VHLW), for periods exceeding one million years. Using available data, conducting scoping calculations of radiation doses, and comparing the results to radiation protection guidelines and natural background radiation, this paper shows that high-level wastes cannot be safely handled or left unprotected essentially indefinitely. By quantitatively evaluating the dose rates of unshielded SF and VHLW, this study identifies critical new insights, such as the roles of the Np-237 decay chain; the eventual, long-term dominance of the U-238 decay chain; and the interplay of three actinide decay chains, including the significant role of Bi-214. These findings fill a gap in the literature and emphasize the need for more detailed investigations in this as-yet-unexplored research area, which has a direct bearing on technical and societal decision-making for both waste disposal safety and the choice of the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-00292024-11-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-0026<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <sec><title style='display:none'>Introduction</title><p>Superconducting cyclotron can generate high-energy proton beams and are mainly used for radiation therapy of tumors and cancers. In the superconducting cyclotron SC200, the maximum magnetic induction intensity can typically reach up to 4.6 T, and the magnetic field accuracy is 1e-4. Hall probes are commonly used tools for measuring high-intensity magnetic fields.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Objective</title><p>Through comprehensive consideration, this study selects the SENIS Low-Noise Teslameter 3MH5 and Hall probe C to measure the magnetic field. When the magnetic field exceeds the range of 2 T, the measurement accuracy of the Hall probe is less than 1e-4, and the Hall probe needs to be calibrated to improve its measurement accuracy.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title><p>The Hall probes are calibrated using Swiss METROLAB PT2025 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Tesla instrument and 1062 probe. Based on the calibration principle, a calibration system platform was built, test data were collected, and calibration curves were obtained. At the same time, the calibration data were analyzed through cross-validation experiments using the cubic polynomial fitting method.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title><p>The results indicate that the test deviation range is from −0.1 g to 0.1 g, and the measurement accuracy can reach 1e-4.</p></sec> <sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title><p>In summary, the Hall probe can accurately measure the magnetic field distribution of the superconducting cyclotron. It can provide accurate and important data for the calculation and analysis of particle beam dynamics.</p></sec> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-00262024-11-20T00:00:00.000+00:00https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-0025<abstract> <title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> <p>The National Centre for Nuclear Research is planning to build a facility based on a free-electron laser (FEL) photon source. It is the first center to build this kind of facility in Eastern Europe. The laser radiation source relies on a superconducting linear electron accelerator. Ultimately, electrons are to be accelerated to energies of 72 MeV, 187 MeV and 280 MeV. To safely operate such kind of accelerator, the design of a shielding bunker is required, capable of attenuating the secondary radiation generated by electrons lost from the beam. This paper proposes a model for the energy and spatial distribution of such electrons. The proposed model will be used in subsequent calculations of the distribution of secondary radiation emitted by both the beamline and some devices essential for the operation of the PolFEL accelerator, such as superconducting niobium accelerating cavities, titanium liquid helium tanks filled with liquid helium, surrounded by μ-metal steel cryomodules containing a steel tube filled with liquid nitrogen, mirrors reflecting the resulting laser beams based on copper blocks, and electron beam deflecting electromagnets made of iron and copper. It was calculated that to reproduce a complex beam loss of 1 W/m, the total lost electron flux as a source of secondary radiation should be 1.7991 × 10¹³ e/s for 72 MeV, 1.1537 × 10¹³ e/s for 187 MeV and 1.1012 × 10¹³ e/s for 280 MeV. Preliminary Monte Carlo calculations of the designed source were performed, obtaining the energy and spatial distributions of the lost electrons.</p> </abstract>ARTICLEtruehttps://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nuka-2024-00252024-11-20T00:00:00.000+00:00en-us-1